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BMS242 CELL AND MOLECULAR > CELL COMMUNICATION 1 > Flashcards

CELL COMMUNICATION 1 Flashcards

1
Q

THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND PLAY THE ROLE OF HOMEOSTASIS AS WELL AS LINKING ………………………. AND …………………….. SYSTEMS

A

NEURONAL

ENDOCRINOLOGICAL

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2
Q

CHOLESTEROL MAKES UP WHAT PERCENTAGE OF CELL MEMBRANES AND IS THE PRECURSOR FOR A RANGE OF STEROID HORMONES.

A

APPROX 30%

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3
Q

GIVE EXAMPLES OF CHOLESTEROL DERIVED STEROID HORMONES

A

CORTISOL
ESTRADIOL
TESTOSTERONE
VITAMIN D3

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4
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO CLASSES OF STEROIDS

A

CORTICOSTEROIDS

SEX STEROIDS

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5
Q

WHAT ARE THE THE TYPES OF CORTICOSTEROIDS

A

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

MINERALOCORTICOIDS

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6
Q

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF SEX STEROIDS

A

ANDROGENS
OESTROGENS
PROGESTROGENS

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7
Q

MOLECULARLY WHAT ARE STEROIDS GENERALLY MADE UP OF

A 
N TERMINAL DOMAIN
DNA BINDING DOMAIN
HINGE REGION
LIGAND BINDING DOMAIN
C TERMINAL DOMAIN
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8
Q

HOW ARE STEROIDS USUALLY NAMED

A

REFER TO THE RECEPTORS THEY BIND TO

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9
Q

WHAT IS THE DNA BINDING DOMAIN MADE UP OF

A

ENCODES ZINC FINGERS THAT ARE MADE UP OF 4 CYSTEINE RESIDUES COORDINATING WITH A ZINC ATOM TO FORM A LOOP THAT CAN ACCESS THE DNA HELIX

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10
Q

THE STEROIDAL PRIMARY STRUCTURE AND DNA BINDING DOMAINS ARE ……………. ACROSS THE FAMILY

A

SIMILAR

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11
Q

TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSES TO NUCLEAR RECEPTOR STIMULATION INCLUDES …………. AND SECONDARY PHASES. STEROID HORMONE BINDING ACTIVATES …………….. TO SYNTHESISE PROTEINS. THE PRIMARY RESPONSE PROTEINS (TRANSCRIPTION ……………) ACTIVATE SECONDARY GENES. THERE WILL BE A ……………… IN RESPONSE IN THIS PRODUCTION. THE SECONDARY RESPONSE WILL …………………. THE PRIMARY RESPONSE AS WELL AS ……………………. OTHERS

A 
PRIMARY
GENES
FACTORS
DELAY
INHIBIT
ACTIVATE
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12
Q

WHAT IS AN ADVANTAGE OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS

A

THEY ARE WIDELY USED IN MEDICAL THERAPIES DUE TO DIVERSE FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES

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13
Q

WHAT IS A DISADVANTAGE OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS

A

FOR THE SAME REASON THEY HAVE BAD SIDE EFFECTS

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14
Q

WHAT ARE GLUCOCORTICOIDS

A

STEOROID HORMONES PRODUCED BY THE ADRENAL GLAND THAT ARE KNOWN PARTICULARLY FOR THEIR IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND POTENT ANTI INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES

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15
Q

IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY ADRENAL AXIS, COTRICOTROPIN RELEASING ………………… (CRH) IN THE …………………………, CAUSES PRODUCTION OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) IN THE ………………… GLAND. THIS STIMULATES …………………. PRODUCTION IN THE …………….. GLANDS.

A 
HORMONE
HYPOTHALAMUS
PITUITARY
CORTISOL
ADRENAL
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16
Q

UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES IS CORTISOL PRODUCED

A

STRESS

LOW BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS

17
Q

WHAT CAN CORTISOL AFFECT

A

METABOLISM
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
MEMORY

18
Q

WHAT IS ADDISONS DISEASE

A

CAUSED BY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY THEREFORE NOT ENOUGH CORTISOL

19
Q

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF ADDISONS DISEASE

A

DEPRESSION
FLU LIKE SYMPTOMS
NAUSEA
WEIGHT LOSS

20
Q

WHAT IS AN ADDISONIAN CRISIS

A

ANY EVENT THAT TAKES UP A LOT OF CORTISOL SUCH AS INFECTION OR AN ACCIDENT CAN HAVE LIFE THREATENING CONSEQUENCES AS NOT ENOUGH CORTISOL TO BEGIN WITH

21
Q

WHAT IS PRIMARY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY

A

LACK OF CORTISOL DUE TO DAMAGE TO THE ADRENAL GLANDS

22
Q

WHAT IS SECONDARY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY

A

LACK OF CORTISOL DUE TO LACK OF ACTH

23
Q

WHAT IS CUSHINGS SYNDROME

A

INCREASED LEVELS OF CORTISOL

24
Q

WHAT CAN CAUSE CUSHINGS SYNDROME

A

BENIGN ADENOMA GROWING IN THE PITUITARY LEADING TO INCREASE ACTH PRODUCTION
ALSO CAUSED BY LONG TERM STEROID USE

25
Q

WHAT CELLS MAKES INSULIN

A

BETA CELLS IN THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN THE PANCREAS

26
Q

WHAT IS THE INSULIN RECEPTOR MADE UP OF

A

4 COMPONENTS LINKED BY DISULPHIDE BRIDGES

TRANSMEMBRANOUS RECEPTOR, ITS EC COMPONENT BINDS TO THE LIGAND AND IC IS A RECEPTOR KINASE

27
Q

WHAT ASSOCIATES WITH THE INSULIN RECEPTOR

A

A CLOSELY ASSOCIATED INSULIN RECEPTOR SUBSTRATE 1 (IRS1) ALSO BECOMES TYROSINE PHOPHORYLATED.

28
Q

HOW DOES THE INSULIN RECEPTOR FUNCTION

A

LIGAND BINDING TRIGGERS A CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE CAUSING PHOSPHORYLATION AND AUTOPHOSPHORYLATION OF THE RECEPTOR

29
Q

WHAT IS THE INSULIN PATHWAY

A
  1. TYROSIN PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE RECEPTOR AND ITS DIRECT SUBSTRATES (IRS1)
  2. ACTIVATION OF LIPID KINAS PI3K
  3. ACTIVATION OF MULTIPLE SERINE/THREONINE KINASES THE MOST IMPORTANT BEING AKT
  4. THIS GOES ON TO DOWN STREAM EFFECTORS TO CAUSE: GLUCOSE UPTAKE, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS
30
Q

GOOD CONTROL OF GLUCOSE LEVELS DEPENDS ON TWO TYPES OF INSULIN, WHAT ARE THEY

A

LONG ACTING BACKGROUND INSULIN REPLACEMENT

FAST ACTING BOLUS WITH MEALS TO DEAL WITH SPIKES

31
Q

WHAT IS TYPE 1 DIABETES

A

DESTRUCTION OF BETA CELLS

32
Q

WHAT IS TYPE 2 DIABETES

A

DISREGULATION OF METABOLISM, IMPAIRED INSULIN SECRETED

33
Q

WHAT IS A GOOD TREATMENTS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES ASIDES FROM DIET

A

METFORMIN

BMS242 CELL AND MOLECULAR (14 decks)

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