CHRISTANITY PAPER 1 Flashcards
what are the parts of the trinity?
The father
the son
the holy spirit
what is the greatest commandment?
Jesus said “Hear O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one”
how does belief in Trinity help understand the ways God shows presence?
- In Lord’s Prayer Christians learn that God will protect them from evil as he is the Father
- The Son helps to understand the love of God as Jesus showed God’s love by healing and feeding people
- The Holy Spirit understands God’s presence as he is the means by which God communicates with humans
what do mormons think about the trinity?
the trinity are not one in essence but they are 3 separate beings who are united in the will and purpose of God
what do jehovahs witnesses think about the trinity?
Jehovah is the only one true God. Jesus is God’s Son the Holy Spirit is God’s power applied to the world therefore isnt a person
what do unitarians think about the trinity?
only 1 god, Jesus was a man whose teachings gave him moral authority but not divinity, no difference between God and Holy Spirit
how is trinity shown in belief and worship?
- repeat Nicene creed in every Holy Communion
- Catholics cross themselves when they enter church or when the name of Trinity is invoked
- baptisms and marriages are performed in the name of trinity
summarise genesis 1
- god created universe in 6 days and rested on the 7th
- made man and woman at the same time
summarise genesis 2-3
- God created Adam in the garden of eden
- made Eve form Adam’s rib as his helper
- Eve ate forbidden fruit and brought evil into the world
what are the 3 interpretations of genesis state?
literalist
liberalist
creationist
what is the literest view?
every word in the bible is the word of God, both accounts don’t contradict each other, do not accept scientific theories
what is the creationist view?
bible is the word of god but not his actual words, the writers were inspired by God but used their own ideas, accept scientific theories
what is the liberal view?
bible is a book of words about God, writers had special insights and experiences of God, it is a metaphor about creation, accept scientific theories
what is the role of the Word and Spirit in creation?
the Word is Jesus, the spirit of god created the universe ex nihilo, John’s gospel claims that everything was made through the word
what is the importance of creation for Christians today?
- show god’s goodness, God’s creation is good in genesis 1 God says that
- humans have a unique place in creation as they are made in Gods image (imagio dei) , so only them can know and love their creator
- god gave humans stewardship over the earth and so have a great responsibility from which they will be judged
why is virgin birth important?
shows Jesus is the Son of God as he was conceived by the Holy Spirit so God was his father
summarise matthews gospel
King Herod tried to kill Jesus so he escaped with his family to Egypt and returned when he was dead
summarise luke’s gospel
begins with birth of John the Baptist, Mary and Joseph go from Nazereth toBethlem and back to Nazereth after Jesus was born
summarise johns gospel
records incarnation theologically, refers to Jesus as the Word of God, begins at the start of universe
what is the significance/importance of the incarnation?
- god cares so much about the world that he sent his son to teach humans how to live
- basis of Christian faith, without jesus there would be no Christianity
- thru incarnation god began the process of salvation making it possible to have a full relationship
what is the importance of the last days in understanding the purpose of Jesus?
- last supper is the basis of the Eucharist where priest blesses wine and bread using jesus’s words
- jesus’s death on the cross brought about salvation from sin
- the resurrection of jesus shows that there is life after death and Christians will also be raised like jesus
what is orginal sin?
sin inherited from adam and eve
what is personal sin?
the consequence of a person’s own actions
what is salvation?
being saved from sin
what is the role of jesus in slavation?
when Jesus died on the cross his death paid for human sins (atonement) and gave people a chance of salvation
how do roman catholics, othodox and some anglicans believe that they can receive the salvation offered by jesus?
- receiving sacraments of baptism and confirmation
- receiving sacraments of reconciliation
- receiving sacrament of the eucharist
- leading a Christian life
how do protestants think they can receive salvation offered by jesus?
through a personal acceptance of jesus as Lord and saviour
why is salvation form sin important to chirstians?
- w/o salvation sins will prevent people from having a relationship with god in this life and they will be sent to hell
- its the only way they can have an eternal life with god
- salvation from sin was the purpose of Jesus (Christ’s passion) who brought forgiveness
what is the roman catholic understanding of atonement?
christ offered himself a sacrifice for human sin as an act of love, through this he showed his father’s love for humanity
what is christs passion?
the betrayal, arrest and trials and crucifixion of jesus
what is the evangelical portestant understanding of atonement?
God’s justice means that he needs to punish human sin, but instead he took it on himself through jesus’s death on the cross. therefore salvation comes through faith in atoning the death of christ by taking jesus as one’s lord and saviour
what is the liberal protestant understanding of atonement?
jesus brought atonement by acting as a moral example to humanity. through his teachings, examples and death on the cross he showed god’s love to humankind. salvation comes from living the Christian life and following the teachings and example of jesus
what is the importance of atonement and salvation for christians today?
conservative, fundamentalist Christians: w/o salvation there wont be a full relationship with god so you cannot go to heaven. atoning the death of god’s son was the only way to bring salvation
liberal: inspires them to live a good Christian life as it will bring them salvation
what do protestant believe about the resurrection of the body?
when people die their soul remains in the grave until the last day, then there will be the second coming of jesus, the dead will be raised and given resurrection bodies, they appear for final judgement and either go to heaven or hell (for eternity)
why do some christians believe in the resurrection of the body?
it was jesus’s body that physically rose from the dead and his resurrection body was different from his earthly body , taught by St Paul in corinthians
what is the consequent belief if a christian belives in the immoratility of the soul?
there is a spirit world where god can be experienced in a more immediate way than on earth, the nature of this world and the afterlife depends on what the person believes and how good they will live their life
what is the belief in the immortalitiy of the coul based upon?
the belief that after the ascension, jesus became a spirit and went to the spirit world. references in the gospel show that abraham and moses being able to be communicated with in heaven so they must be in the spiritual world
what is the catholic teaching about life after death?
mixture of resurrection and immortality, CCC teaches that purified Christians will all go to heaven, those that died with unforgiven sins go to purgatory to be purified, evil people go to hell. on day of judgement there will be a new heaven and earth where souls in heaven and purgatory will live, souls in hell go back to hell
what do most catholics believe about going to heaven and hell?
all christians will eventually go to heaven, any good followers of other religions will also go to heaven, others go to hell
what is purgatory?
a catholic place where christians who died with unforgiven sins go to get purified of their sins to go to heaven
why do protestants not believe in purgatory?
it has no biblical foundation, Article 22/2=39 says “The Roman Doctrine concerning Purgatory is grounded upon no scripture … but rather repugnant in the word of god”
how are christian beliefs about life after death are shown in the bible?
- belief in resurrection comes from St Pauls’s teachings
- belief in immortality of the soul comes from Jesus’s promise to the robber crucified with him
- final judgement is taught in many bible passages
what is the major teaching of St Paul about life after death in Corinthians?
- christians know that if their body is destroyed they will have a non-physical home in heaven
- christians long to be in heaven, their goal
- as heaven is goal Christian should do all they can to please god whilst on earth
- they do this as they know the final judgement is based upon their beliefs and actions on earth
why are teachings about life after death important to christians today?
- what happens after death is dependent upon their actions on earth so they try to live a good christian life following the bible
- sin prevents people from going to heaven so they would avoid committing sins or repent for them as those who die with unforgiven sins go to hell
- these belief give their life meaning and purpose as they would live their life in a way to go to heaven. seen is surveys where christians are found to be less likely to suicide then atheists
what is moral suffering?
suffering caused by humans misusing their free will
what is natural suffering?
suffering that hasn’t been cause by humans e.g. volcanos, tornados
why does evil and suffering raise problems about the nature of god?
- if omnipotent then why cannot he get rid of natural evil
- if omnibenevolent then why isn’t he sympathetic on those who go through innocent suffering e.g. terminally ill babies
- if omniscient then he must have known so much natural evil would happen so would create universe in a different way to avoid evil and suffering
what is the inconsistent triad?
only 2 can be true at once:
god is omnipotent, god is omnibenevolent, existence of evil
how does evil and suffering cause people to question or reject belief in god?
- people cannot believe a good god can create a world with natural evil so its easier to say it formed from the big bang and reject god’s existence
- hard to believe god allows humans to cause suffering and evil when he can stop it, existence of this suffering may mean that god does not exist
what are biblical responses to the problem of evil and suffering?
- no point of worrying as humans don’t understand god’s reason for doing things
- book of job in old testament where once he saw gods greatness he realised humans had no right to question him
- pslams show that suffering is an intended part of life, the other side of suffering is joy as they go side by side
what is the theoretical response to the problem of evil and suffering?
- good created humans with free will to do either good or evil, so suffering caused by humans is the result of them misusing their free will
- evil and suffering are not problems as they are part of a plan where those who suffer are rewarded with eternal paradise. they make their souls better as they get a chance to become good people (vale of soul making)
give an example to vale of soul making
Maximilian Kobe, a friar was sent to Auschwitz where he continued his priestly ministry discreetly, hearing many confessions and smuggling bread and wine for mass. when a married man with kids was being executed he offered to take his place
why are there practical responses to evil and suffering?
jesus commanded his followers to respond to suffering by helping those who suffer, he regarded evil and suffering as something to fight against, he healed the sick + fed the hungry etc
what are the practical responses to evil and suffering?
- intercessionary prayers: praying for those who suffer so god can ensure the right type of relief is provided
- offering practical help to those who suffer: not just pray but do as jesus healed the sick, fed the hungry. christian founded charities like the christian aid to ease suffering in less developed countries
why did god create marriage?
- couple can have a lifelong relationship of love
- couple can have support and comfort of each other, have sex for procreation of children
- way of couples to show love for each other and gain god’s grace to help them in their married life
why is marriage important to christianity?
- created by god as a way of establishing and preserving society
- only acceptable way of having a sexual relationship
- christian families are brought thru marriage, new life is brought into the church
what are the atheist and humanist attitudes to marriage?
- marriage is up to an individual
provides a: - stable legal and financial backing to relationship
- more social acceptance of relationship
- more stable home for family
- public way to declare and celebrate couple’s love
how have christians responded to non-religious attitudes to marriage and cohabitation
3 chruches responded:
1) roman catholic + conservative protestant churches, condemns NR attidue and christians should refrain from having sex until christian marriage
2) liberal protestant churches, may live together before marriage, have to marry when starting family, only accepts sexual relationship between 2 people committed to a long term relationship as cohabitation is a step to marriage
3) most <40 churchgoers ignored church teachings, survey says 61% had sex before marriage 56% saw it appropriate to move in after dating for 6 months
what are 4 types of sexual relationship?
- premarital sex - sex before marriage
- cohabitation - 2 people living together in a sexual relationship without being married
- same sex sexual relationship - homosexuality
- extramartital sex - married person has sexual relationship with someone other than martial partner
what does Christianity teach sex was given for?
given to humans for the joy, pleasure and bonding of a married couple and for procreation of children
Christian teachings about + attitudes towards sexual relationships outside marriage
1) most are opposed to sex outside marriage as: bible says fornication is sinful, CCC teaches premartial sex is wrong, adultery breaks wedding vows of being faithful to each other, adultery is condemned in 10 commandments, jesus condemned adultery
2) some christians accept that people may have sex before marriage: liberal protestants dont regard premarital sex as sinful but expect them to marry when starting a family
what are humanist and atheist attitudes to sexual relationships
premarital sex is only acceptable in certain limits:
- must be consensual
- be between people of age
- partners are single
- no payment is involved
- involves a degree of stability
- sex must be safe
what is the catholic attitude towards homosexuailty?
being homosexual isnt a sin, having a gay relationship is, doesnt accept same sex marriage, less opposed to civil partnership, sinful to harass homosexuals,
they have this because:
- bible condemns homosexual sexual activity
- sex should be creative, gay sex isn’t creative
- marriage is for men and women to join as one and raise a family
- church says people can help sexual orientation but can control activity
- everyone has dignity as they all are the image of god
what is the evangelical attitude towards homosexuality?
it is a sin, there should be no homosexual christians, recently said they repudiate homophobia and call all christians to welcome them like others
because:
- bible condemns homosexuality, they believe bible is the direct word of god (literalist)
- salvation of christ can remove all sins including homosexuality
- homosexuality is sinful as all churches taught this even though some say its now acceptable
what is the liberal protestant attitude to homosexuals?
homosexual relationships are acceptable and they are welcomed in the church, happy to provide blessings for civil partnership but not same sex marriages as they cannot be equated to christian marriage.
because:
- teachings of bible need to be interpeted in light of modern knowledge, anti-homosexual texts were reflection of jewish cultures not word of god
- major christian belief is in love and acceptance
- recent scientific studies show homosexuality maybe caused by biological factors so its part of a person’s nature
- christians should be open and honest, refusing rights to gay people makes them hypocritical and dishonest
what are Quakers attitude to homosexuals?
happy to celebrate same sex marriages in their churches and they are happy for homosexuals to be ministers and priests
what is the humanist and atheist attitudes to same sex relationships?
no problem, others sexuality isnt their concern as it interferes with human rights
what is the roman catholic church’s response to non religious attitudes to homosexuality?
condemns attitude, christian homosexuals should refrain from having sex, same sex marriages shouldn’t be legal, say that marriage is between men and women in a faithful, lifelong union
what is the liberal protestant church’s response to non religious attitudes to homosexuality?
welcomes homosexuals into the church, allows gay clergy to be bishops, Quakers in Britain give homosexuals equal right and celebrate same sex marriage with same religious service
what are most chrisitans general response to non religious attitudes to homosexuality?
no longer agree with official teachings, all research shows most christians are inline with NR views rather than church
what are the 5 types of families?
nuclear, single parent, same sex, extended, blended,
what is a nuclear family
mother, father, children living together as one unit
what is a single parent family
children living in families that have one parent
what are extended families
3 generations are living in the same house / in close proximity and have frequent contact with and reliance on each other
what is a blended family
2 separate families are joined together when parents decide to marry or cohabit
what is the purpose and importance of families in christianity?
- family was created by god as a basic unit of society and as the only place children should be brought up
- main purposes of marriage is to have children and raise them in a secure and loving way
- place where children are introduced to the faith through baptism
- has the duty of instilling moral values into children
what are different christian attitudes to the traditional view of families?
- some think its to provide love and security, education so they know what religion they want to follow. not the role of family to make christians
- others think its duty of parents to provide love, security, safety, christian upbringing, family should encourage children to develop their own ideas which may be different from parents
what are non religious ideas about family?
- to bring up children safely and securely until they are mature enough to look after themselves
- to pass on moral values so they become good citizens
- to provide emotional and financial support throughout life
what is a parish?
area round a local church
what is a diocese?
a collection of parishes under the jurisdiction of a bishop
how does the parish try to help families?
- have local church primary and secondary school connected to them which provide christian education and worship alongside standard ones
- many explore new ways to become family friendly by includes new forms of worship as it strengthens the family
- run sunday schools where kids can learn about christianity whilst in a child centred environment whilst parents are in church
why do parishes try to help families?
- have a duty to help children baptised/dedicated in church
- Church teaches main purpose of marriage is to have children in a loving environment, parish has responsibility to assist in that task
- family is place children are introduced to faith so if the parish doesn’t help then Christianity won’t grow and the Church would have failed
why is support from the church important for christian families?
- raising children means taking them to church regularly which needs church to be helpful to children
- teaching children about Christianity needs knowledge which parents might lack so sunday schools are helpful
- being part of a larger family of the church, which will give help if needed, is a source of comfort and strength for family
give examples of artificial methods of contraception?
male condoms, female condoms, diaphragms, combined contraceptive pill
give examples of natural methods of contraception?
natural family planning (NFP): planning sex around most infertile times of cycle, device to measure hormone levels in urine
what is the catholic attitude to contraception?
- sex is a gift from god as as source of joy and pleasure to married couples (unitive purpose) as well as creating family (creative purpose)
- artificial methods goes against god’s intentions, NFP only
because: - in humane vitae, pope condemned all artificial methods, NFP is natural so is part of god’s creation
- artificial methods separate unitive and creative aspects of sex which isn’t what god intended
- catholic church regards it as a major cause of sexual promiscuity, which broke families and increased divorce rates
what do non-catholic christians think about contraception?
- all forms are ok if used to restrict size of family but not to stop having children completely
because: - Christianity is about love, contraception improves maternal health and raises standard of living
- nothing in bible forbids use of contraception
- better to combat STDs thru artificial methods than expect everyone to follow Christian teachings
what are the humanist and atheist attitudes to contraception?
in favour, prevents unwanted children from being born, improves material and emotional standard of living, prevents spread of STDs
what are Christian responses to non religious attitudes to contraception
- protestants and orthodox christians: agree
- roman catholic church says only use NFP
- catholics have accepted NR attitudes
what do christians teach about divorce
- jesus seems to ban divorce and remarriage, but in others he seems to allow divorce due to adultery
- St Paul says christians shouldn’t divorce but if they do they must not remarry
what is the catholic attitude to divorce and remarriage?
- doesnt allow either as it is a sacrament and can only be dissolved by death of one of the partners or annulment
- allows for legal separation if they find it impossible to live with each other as they are still married in eyes of god
- if no divorce then no remarry
because: - jesus taught divorce was wrong
- couple have made a covenant with god which cant be broken by an earthly power
- CCC says marriage cannot be dissolved so divorce is impossible
what is the non catholic view on divorce and remarriage
- think divorce is wrong but allow it if marriage is broken down
- allows divorced people to remarry if they promise that this one will be for life
because: - jesus allowed divorce for adultery
- in certain situations christians must choose “lesser of two evils”
- allowed forgiveness and a new chance if they confess their sins so it applies to remarriage as well if they are determined to make it work for second time
what is the humanist attitudes to divorce and remarriage?
- all married couples should have the right to divorce if they feel the marriage has failed
- divorce should make sure both partners are equal in terms of financial arrangements
- divorce should make sure all children are provided for
- any divorced person is a single person so has the right to remarry
what is the atheist attitude towards divorce and remariage?
some do not believe in marriage so they would just cohabit. many have the same attitude to humanists.
what does genesis 1 say about the equality of men and women?
the should have equal roles as they were created equal
what does genesis 2-3 and ephesians say about the equality of men and women?
men have the dominant role and could be used to say that women have to care for the home and children while men have to work and provide for material needs of the family
what is the evangelical attitude towards the equality of men and women?
they have separate and different roles, women raise children and run home, men provide for family, only men can be church leaders and teachers
-> because:
- genesis 2 about Adam being created first
- disciples of Jesus being men
- St Paul in Ephesians about husband being head of wife
- St Paul in Corinthians about women’s appearance
what is the liberal protestant towards the equality of men and women?
men and women are equal:
-> because:
- genesis 1, men and women are created at same time
- St Paul in galatians where christ is neither male or female
- jesus treated his women like equals, had female disciples stay with him at the cross while male disciples ran away, jesus appeared first to women after resurrection
what is the catholic attitude towards the equality of men and women?
men and women should have equal roles in family
-> because:
- basis of gensis 1 church teaches men and women have equal status in the sight of god
- in roman catholic marriage priest says “may her husband put trust in her and recognise her as his equal”
what are the atheist and humanist attitudes towards the equality of men and women?
in 1965 it was traditional but now its completely changed to become more equal, many suffragettes were humanists
what is the evangelical attitude towards gender prejudice and discrimination?
men and women have separate roles so they cant have equal rights, women shouldn’t speak in church(St Paul) and submit to their husbands, don’t see as discrimination as its what God ordained in new testament which is final word of god
what is the catholic attitude towards gender prejudice and discrimination?
men and women have equal roles and rights, genesis 1 where they are created at the same time, women can study and teach in theological colleges and be extraordinary ministers of holy communion, only men can be priests as apostles were all men
what is the liberal protestant attitude towards gender prejudice and discrimination?
men and women have equal rights and roles, have female bishops + priests + ministers
-> because:
- genesis 1 both genders were created at the same time
- letters of Paul teach Christ was neither male or female
- evidence from gospel shows jesus treated women as equals
- some evidence that women was priests in early church
what was the Movement of the Ordination of Women (MOW)?
organisations of christians who believe that church’s refusal to have female priests is gender discrimination, campaigned for the ordination of women as priests in CoE
what are atheist and humanist attitudes to gender discrimination?
men and women are equal and have equal rights, pressure of equal-pay for women and to end sex discrimination came from non-religious politicians
what is worship?
homage or reverence paid to a deity
what is liturgical worship?
public worship in a church that uses a service book with set prayers and rituals so everything is in the same format
in what denominations is liturgical worship the main form of worship?
Roman Catholic, Orthodox, many Anglican churches
what is non liturgical worship?
public worship in church without set prayers or rituals, music is often a major part, prayers are extempore(said w/o prep) prayers
what is informal worship?
worshipping god by saying grace before meals at home, in church its usually for families and kids where its based on fun
what is private worship?
worshipping god at certain times on their own, reading bible alone
why are different types of worship used?
- worship in home: home at heart of life and family brings people together when they pray together
- private worship: communicate to god one to one to express emotion that cant be expressed in front of others
- informal worship: helps to see god in ordinary and realise worship can happen anywhere in any way
- public worship: worshipping with others gives belonging to a community, feel strength of the faith, make friends in faith
what are different chirstian attitudes to non-liturgical and liturgical worship?
- christians that believe in 7 sacraments (Catholics); liturgical is best, helps worship in familiar way so it becomes part of their lives, using ancient prayers makes them aware of christian heritage, makes worship more important than person leading it
- christians who think sacraments are less important (most Protestants, Pentecostal): free form helps people participate, reflects peoples moods so worship comes form their own feelings
what are the 7 sacraments?
- baptism
- reconciliation
- eucharist
- confirmation
- anointing of the sick
- holy orders
- marriage
who believes in 7 sacraments?
catholics and orthodox
what is a sacrament?
an outward sign of an inward blessing
why are sacraments important to catholics and orthodox?
- they get grace and blessings
- mark journey of faith through life
- make them stronger in faith
- bring them closer to god
how many sacraments do protestants believe in and what are they?
baptism and eucharist
why do protestants only believe in 2 sacraments?
the 39 articles say that only those were authorised by god
which Christians dont believe in any sacraments?
some protestants, quakers, salvation army
how is the catholic baptism done?
infant baptism and parents make promises on their behalf
why is baptism important for christians?
- necessary for person to receive salvation
- thru this person becomes member of church
- washes away original sin and makes a person pure
- example of jesus
- catechism says its basis of chirstian life and without it you cant get other sacraments
how is baptists baptism done?
believer’s baptism, usually have dedication for babies, people need to be old enough to make baptismal vows themselves
why is baptism important for baptists?
- signifies end of old life outside church, new life in christ
- baptism is god’s presence and blessing upon them
- moments when they make a personal commitment of faith with jesus
- moment when they receive god’s spirit for service in church and world
why is mass important for catholics?
- bread and wine turns into body and blood of jesus (transubstantiation) so jesus is really present
- sacrament, weekly gift of grace to get god’s strength
- celebration of resurrection so reminds there is eternal life
what is the meaning and importance of eucharist to methodists?
- remembrance of last supper, no changing of wine and bread they are symbols of presence of christ
- gives spiritual nourishment giving god’s grace
- brings unity as they share one body of christ and share peace
- reminder of last supper, crucifixion, resurrection of christ
define prayer
an attemept to contact god usually through words
what are 3 forms of prayer?
vocal prayer, meditation, comtemplation
what are 4 subsidiary purposes of prayer?
- adoration: praising god for what he is
- thanksgiving: thanks god for general goodness or specific thing
- confession: confessing sins to god, asking for forgiveness
- supplication: asking god’s help for others or yourself
what are 2 types of prayer?
set prayer and informal prayers
when do chirstians use set prayers?
during liturgical worship, personal prayers which they pray at set times
when do christians use informal prayers?
as personal prayer
why do chirstians pray?
- adoration prayers: helps step aside pressures and focus on god so they can see reality of life
- thanksgiving: helps not to be selfish, not to take things for granted
- confession: helps stop bottling guilt, helps learn from mistakes
- supplication: help feel they are doing something for those who suffer, inspires them to do something practical
- mediation and contemplation: brings inner peace so they feel refreshed from within
who are opposed to pilgrimage and why?
protestant reformers thought they broke covenant to not worship idols and thought relics at shrines were false and there to deceive pilgrims
why do Christians go on pilgrimage?
- become closer to god
- life is search for god and pilgrimage helps that
- jesus went on pilgrimage
- adds discipline to spiritual life
- have special connections with holy figures so they become full of holiness
what 4 places do Christians go on pilgrimage?
- Jerusalem
- Taize
- Iona
- Walsingham
what sites are there in Jerusalem?
- the cenecle which is the site of the Upper room where Last Supper happened
- Via Dolorosa the route Jesus took as he was carrying his cross
whats there in walsingham?
shrine that has statue of Mary based on a vision, many healings and visions happened here
why do pilgrims think Walsingham is an important place of pilgrimage?
- feel close to Virgin mary
- place where prayers and healings claim have been answered
- brings spiritual refreshment and brings Anglicans and Catholics closer
