Chpter 1

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

study of structure or form of human body

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

study of body’s functions

Question 3

list and expain 7 char of living organisms

Answer 3

1. cellular composition
   -cells= basic. smalles unit of life; smallest unit tht can carry out life
   -all orgs have ‘em
2. Metabolism (collective chain of chem reactions)
   -Chemicals – substances with unique molecular composition; used in or produced by chemical reactions
   -can build up or break down substances based on needs of orgs
3. Growth
   -where building outweighs breaking down processes, includes two forms:
   Increase in size of individual cells
   Increase in number of cells
4. Excretion – process that an organism uses to eliminate potentially harmful waste products created by metabolic processes
   pee gets rid of ammonia
   5.Responsiveness or irritability – ability of organisms to sense and react to changes or stimuli in their environment
5. Movement – ability of an entire organism to move or movement of individual cells or of materials within or between cells of an organism
6. Reproduction takes following two forms in multicellular organisms:
   Individual cells reproduce within organism during growth and to replace damaged or old cells
   Organism itself reproduces to yield similar offspring

Question 4

Why don’t we grow in our 20’s?

Answer 4

cause our bodies have hit the maximum point of growth; our bodies can’t grow anymore

Question 5

Why do we take in oxygen?

Answer 5

-we take it in b/c electron transplant chain; mitochondria makes atp, food turns into atp, no oxygen, no energy

Question 6

smallest level of structural organization

Answer 6

chem level

ranges from tiny atoms to complex chem structure called molecules

Question 7

2nd level of structural organization

Answer 7

Cellular level – formed by groups of many different types of molecules combined in specific ways to form cellular structures

Question 8

3 level of structural organization

Answer 8

Tissue level – two or more cell types cooperate to perform a common function
Consist of two components: cells and surrounding extracellular matrix
Vary from membrane sheets that cover body cavities to irregularly shaped cartilage found in nose

Question 9

4 level of structural organization

Answer 9

Organ level – consists of two or more tissue types combined to form a structure or organ; has a recognizable shape and performs a specialized task
.

Question 10

5 level of structural organization

Answer 10

Organ system level – body’s organs are grouped into organ systems
Consist of two or more organs that together carry out a broad function in body
For example
Cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels) transports blood through body
Digestive system ingests food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates wastes

Question 11

6 level of structural organization

Answer 11

.Organism level – organ systems function together to make up working human body, an organism

Question 12

organ systems

Answer 12

Body’s organs are grouped into organ systems; consist of two or more organs that together carry out a broad function in body

Question 13

How many organ systems does the boyd have?

Answer 13

11

Question 14

What is the function of the organ systems?

Answer 14

Organs and organ systems work together to ensure survival of organism as a whole
Organ systems function together to make up complete organism (human body)

Question 15

Organ system: Integumentary system

Answer 15

• protects the boyd from the exterior envornment
• produces vitamin d
• retains water
• regulates body temp
• hair, skin, nails

Question 16

Organ system: skeletal system

Answer 16

-supports the body
-promotes internal organs
-provides leverage for movement
-produces blood cells
-stores calcium salts
bones, joints

Question 17

organ system: muscular

Answer 17

-produces movement
-controls body openings
–generates heat
skeletal muscles

Question 18

organ system: nervous

Answer 18

-regulates body functions
-provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions via nerve impulses
nerves, spinal cords, brain

Question 19

Organ system: endocrine

Answer 19

-regulates body functions
-regulates the functions of muscles, glands and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called hormones
ovaries (females), testes (male), pancreas, adrenal gland, thymus gland, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamas, pineal gland

Question 20

organ system: cardiovascular

Answer 20

pumps and delivers oxygen poor blood into the lungs and oxygen rich blood into the tissues
removes wastes from the tissues
transports cells, nutrients, and other substances
heart, blood vessels

Question 21

organ system: lymphatic

Answer 21

returns excess ttissue fluid to cardiovascular system
provides immunity (protection against diseases)
tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymphatic vessels

Question 22

organ system: respitory system

Answer 22

delivers oxygen to the blood
removes carbon dioxide from the boyd
maintains the acid base balance of blood
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

Question 23

organ system: digestive

Answer 23

absorbs nutrients
digests food
removes food waste
regulates fluid, electrolytes, and acid base balance
mouth, salavary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestines, small intestines

Question 24

organ system: urinary

Answer 24

removes metabolic waste from the blood
regulates blood, electrolyte, and acid base balance, stimulates blood cell production
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 25

organ system: reproductive (male)

Answer 25

produces and transports sperm
secretes hormones
sexual function
prostate glands, ductus deferends, testis, penis

Question 26

organ system: reproductive (female)

Answer 26

produces and transports eggs
site of fetal develpment, fetal nourishment, childbirth, and lactation
secretes hormones
sexual function
mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina

Question 27

How do cells communicate?

Answer 27

cells communicate to coordinate body functions
Usually accomplished with either chemical messengers or electrical signals; one cell triggers a response from another cell
Electrical signals are usually transmitted between neighboring cells; chemical messengers can affect neighboring cells or travel to distant cells to cause effect

Question 28

gradient

Answer 28

Gradient – present any time more of something exists in one area than another, where two areas are connected (there’s more of something in one spot than another)
Gradients drive many physiological processes
temp gradient, concentration and pressure

Question 29

What are homeostatic imbalances and how can we prevent them?

Answer 29

HI- imbalances in homeostasis that can lead to disease or death if not corrected
prevented by controlling most regulated variables; maintained within a narrow range, close to a normal value

Question 30

Serous membrance

Answer 30

Thin sheets of tissue; form certain cavities found in ventral cavity; surround heart, lungs, and many abdominal organs

Question 31

serous fluid

Answer 31

Prevents friction caused by movement of organs

Within cavity between two layers is an extremely thin layer of fluid called serous fluid
Watery, slippery lubricant
Fills space between membrane layers
Produced by cells of membrane

Question 32

What are they two layers of the serous membrane? (define both)

Answer 32

visceral layer- (inner) in contact with underlying organ

Parietal layer- (outer) – outermost layer attached to surrounding structures

Question 33

peritoneal cavity

Answer 33

Peritoneal cavity – abdominal subcavity found within serous membrane

Question 34

Whats a cavity? (def and function)

Answer 34

A cavity is any fluid-filled space within body; axial region of body is divided into several cavities
Cavities protect internal organs and allow them to move and expand as necessary to perform their functions