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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

skin (cutaneous membrane) is important for what?

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

superficial layer that consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium resting on a basement membrane dead cells and avascular (no blood vessels so no constant supply of oxygen); die a lot b/c avascular

A

Epidermis

contains : keratinocytes (cells that make keratonin)

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3
Q

deep to epidermis and basement membrane; consists of loose connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue

A

dermis

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4
Q

what are some examples of acessory glands in the skin?

A
  • sweat glands
  • sabaceous glands
  • hair
  • nails
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5
Q

skin contains ____ and ______ that are responsible for goosebumps

A

sensory receptors and arrector pili muscles

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6
Q

because the epidermis is avascular, how does it get oxygen and nutrients?

A

Must rely on diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from blood vessels in deeper dermis

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7
Q

what are the superficial cells made up of? why?

A

About 50% of cells in epidermis are too far from adequate blood supply to sustain life; superficial layers are made up entirely of dead cells

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8
Q

also known as superficial fascia or subcutaneous fat, is deep to dermis

A

Hypodermis

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9
Q

what does the hypodermis do?

A
  • abundant blood supply

- anchors skin to muscle and bones

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10
Q

What’re the 5 functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. protect
  2. sensation
  3. thermoregulation
  4. Excretion (of nitrogen containing wastes)
  5. vitamin D synthesis
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11
Q

process that enables nervous system to perceive changes in the body’s internal or external surroundings; critical to homeostasis: we need to recognize when we get in dangerous temperatures; sufficient ability to feel pain

A

sensation

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12
Q

process where waste products and toxins are eliminated from body; this helps maintains an electrolyte balance (don’t want too much or too little)

A

excretion

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13
Q

Why do we need Vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D is required for calcium ion absorption from small intestine; calcium ion is critical for nerve function, muscle contraction, building and maintaining bone tissue, and many other physiological functions

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14
Q

what two things make the epidermis stronger?

A
  1. desmosomes- link the epidermis together

2. manufacture of keratonin (which is a tough fiborous protein)- makes the epidermis less subject to mechanical stress

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15
Q

Describe the stratum basale layer.

A
  • closest cells to blood supply in dermis; therefore most metabolically and mitotically active cells in epidermis
  • in vitamin D synthesis and replacement of dead keratinocytes
  • cells in this layer are alive and dividing
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16
Q

describe the stratum spinosm

A
  • thickest layer
  • sits on top of stratum basale so still close to blood supply
  • also metabolically and mitotically active cells= alive
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17
Q

describe the stratum granulosum

A
  • filled with keratin bundles or a lipid-based substance;
  • both secreted by exocytosis
  • cells slowly begin to die in this layer
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18
Q

describe the stratum lucidum

A
  • narrow layer of clear, dead keratinocytes;

- found only in thick skin extra protective layer

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19
Q

describe the stratum corneum

A

– outermost layer of epidermis; consists of several layers of dead flattened keratinocytes with thickened plasma membranes; filled mostly with keratin bundles and little else

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20
Q

As keratinocytes in deeper strata divide, how do they get cells into superficial layers?

A

push cells above them into more superficial layers

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21
Q

How and where are keratinocytes replaced?

A

how: replaced by mitosis of cells
where: stratum basale and spinosum where blood supply is available for such activities

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22
Q

location and functions of epidermis subjects it to both physical and environmental stress; stratum corneum is continuously shedding dead cells that must be replaced to maintain integrity of epidermis; starts in basale then sheds in the corneum

A

keratonin life cycle

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23
Q

located in stratum spinosum; phagocytes of immune system; protect skin and deeper tissues from pathogens defense against invaders of deeper regions

A

lagerhans cells

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24
Q

in stratum basale; sensory (touch) receptors associated with small neurons in dermis:

A

mercel cells

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25
Q

stratum basale; produce melanin; protein skin pigment ranging from orange-red to brown-black

A

melanocytes

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26
Q

what’s the diff between thick and thin skin?

A

Thick skin: has all five epidermal layers and a very thick stratum corneum; does not have hair follicles but contains many sweat glands
thin: stratum lucidum is missing; only 4 layers

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27
Q

highly vascular layer deep to epidermis

A

dermis

28
Q

what is the function of the dermis? (3)

A
  1. Provides blood supply for epidermis
  2. Contains sensory receptors
  3. Anchors epidermis in place
29
Q

Papillary level

A
  • thinner most superficial of two layers of dermis;
  • Special collagen fibers are found in this layer at dermis-epidermal junction;
  • extends into epidermal basement membrane to anchor epidermis to dermis
30
Q

reticular layer. What’s found in this layer?

A

-deep thicker layer that separates dermis from hypodermis
-Collagen bundles strengthen dermis and prevent traumatic injuries from damaging deeper tissues
-Elastic fibers allow dermis to return to its original shape and size after stretching
Found: Blood vessels, sweat glands, hairs, sebaceous glands, and adipose tissue are found in reticular layer

31
Q

in dermal papillae; sensory receptors that respond to light touch stimuli; protects us

A

messners corpsules

32
Q

sensory receptors that respond mainly to changes in pressure and vibration associated with skin

A

lamallated corpsules

33
Q

small visible lines in epidermis created by interaction between dermis and epidermis; sweat pores help create these; best seen in hands and feet

A

skin markings

34
Q

found in areas where dermal papillae are more prominent due to presence of thick collagen bundles

A

dermal ridges

35
Q

what is responsible for skin markings associated with tension or lines; cleavage lines and flexure lines

A

reticular layer

36
Q

Gaps found between collagen bundles in dermis create indentations in epidermis; particular pattern you find in the region of neck and trunk; circular in nature

A

tension

37
Q

why should we follow tension lines?

A

On your arm your tension lines go up and down, so when u get a cut, if the cut also goes up and down it will lay closer together and heal faster

38
Q

how do we determine skin color? where are these contained?

A

amount of melanin

contained in melanocytes in strato basale

39
Q

function of melanin?

A

reduce synthesis of vitamin D

40
Q

why do ppl in Africa have darker skin than ppl in the USA?

A

Individuals living in regions exposed to high amounts of UV radiation (such as Africa) may have developed darker skin to prevent excess vitamin D production

41
Q

skin color depends on what?

A

Skin color depends on number of melanocytes found in a particular body region;

42
Q

yellow-orange pigment found in food items such as egg yolks and orange vegetables (carrots, peaches, etc.)

A

carotene

43
Q

found in red blood cells; transports oxygen throughout body; oxygen binds to the iron in this in an oxidation reaction; same reaction that causes iron to rust

A

hemoglobin

44
Q

Hemoglobin’s effect on skin color is an indirect result of what?; color of blood in where is visible through epidermis

A

what: blood flow in dermis
where: deeper dermis

45
Q

small filamentous structures that protrude from surface of skin over entire body except in regions with thick skin, lips, and parts of external genitalia

A

hair pilli

46
Q

what are some appendages of the integumentary system?

A

Accessory structures or appendages of integument include hair, nails, and glands

47
Q

this is too sparse in humans to play a significant role in thermoregulation, temp regulation in animals tho; protects us from uv, external substances getting in our bodies

A

hair

48
Q

thin, nonpigmented hair found covering nearly entire body of a fetus; generally fall out around birth; replaced with one of two hair types

A

lanugo

49
Q

thick, coarse, and pigmented hair; found surrounding eyes and on scalp; used for protection; replaces other type of hair after puberty

A

terminal

50
Q

thin, nonpigmented; sparse and light; found in remaining regions of body

A

vellus

51
Q

Hair color is largely determined by _____ produced in matrix by melanocytes; what type of hair has the most of this?

A

melanin
black hair= lot of melanin; blonde= not so much
when aging, we don’t make as much melanin which is why our hair turns gray

52
Q

form of chemical communication in apocrine gland

A

pharamones

53
Q

most prevalent sweat gland; no association with hair; sweat, contains mostly water, waste products, and electrolytes; exits through sweat pores onto epidermal surface

A

eccrine sweat glands

54
Q

sweat glad found in axillae, anal area, areola; produces body odor; influenced by sex hormones; pharamones

A

apocrine

55
Q

sweat gland that releases cerumen into hair follicles in ear (ear wax); traps and lubricates incoming particles

A

ceruminous

56
Q

sweat gland that produces modified sweat product: milk

A

mammary gland

57
Q

this gland is branched with clusters of acini surrounded by small ducts; converge to form a central duct that empties into hair follicle or small pore; makes and secretes sebum

A

sebaceous gland

sebum production increases after puberty

58
Q

where can you find the sebaceous gland?

A

everywhere besides palms and soles of feet

59
Q

waxy, oily mixture of mostly lipids; released by holocrine secretion; secretory cells accumulate sebum until cell ruptures; first line of defense against bacteria

A

sebum

60
Q

wound caused by agents such as heat, extreme cold, electricity, chemicals, and radiation; grouped into three classes according to extent and depth of tissue damage: difficult to manage b/c of dehydration and infection

A

burn

61
Q

burn with Minor wounds that only damage epidermis;

Skin may develop erythema (red appearance) and some mild pain without any permanent damage

A

first degree burns

62
Q

burn that Involves epidermis and part or all of dermis; Can result in pain, blistering, and scarring;

A

second degree

63
Q

burn that’s the Most damaging wounds; Involve epidermis, dermis, hypodermis; potentially even deeper tissue, like muscle or bone; Not generally painful at first because nerves are destroyed too

A

third degree burn

64
Q

what is the rule of nines and how does it work?

A

-method to estimate how much of the body is affected by the burn

65
Q

if more than ___% of your body is covered in a second degree burn than its critical. If more than ___% of your body is covered in a third degree burn than its critical.If there is any 3rd degree burn on the ___,____,___ it’s coinsidered critical

A

2nd- 25
3rd- 10
face, hands, and feet

Human Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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