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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

study of normal structures of tissues (a group of structurally and functionally related cells and their external environment that together perform common functions); all tissues share two basic components:

A

Histology

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2
Q

tightly packed sheets of cells with no visible ECM; cover and line all body surfaces and cavities; specialized epithelia form glands that manufacture secretions such as sweat, saliva, or chemical messengers called hormones

A

epitheleal tissue

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3
Q

connect all other tissues in body to one another; ECM is a prominent feature for most connective tissue types with cells scattered throughout; bind, support, protect, and allow for transportation of substances; most common

A

connective tissue

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4
Q

capable of generating force by contracting; little ECM between cells and always pull

A

muscle tissue

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5
Q

consist of cells capable of generating, sending, receiving messages, and cells that support this activity all within a unique ECM

A

nervous tissue

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6
Q

composed of substances in a liquid, thick gel, or solid that surround cells of a tissue; consist of two main components, ground substance and protein

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

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7
Q

embedded within ground substance; long molecules composed of multiple fibrous subunits with a ropelike structure; enormous tensile strength

A

protein fibers

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8
Q

three protein fiber types are found within ECM?

A

collagen (largest), elastic (stretch and snap back), reticular fibers (smallest special type of collage fibers; lymphnodes with a lot of red blood cells)

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9
Q

composed of protein elastin surrounded by glycoproteins; extensibility allows fiber to stretch up to one and a half times resting length without breaking; once stretched, fibers return to resting length (called elasticity)

A

elastic fibers

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10
Q

thin, short collagen fibers; form a meshwork or scaffold that supports cells and ground substance of many tissues; form a weblike structure in organs like spleen that help trap foreign cells

A

reticular fibers

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11
Q

make up 20–25% of all proteins in body; composed of multiple repeating subunits that form a white fibrous protein; resistant to tension (pulling and stretching forces) and pressure

A

collagen fibers

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12
Q

another way cells bind to one another where neighboring cell’s plasma membranes are linked by integral proteins

A

cell junctions

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13
Q

list 3 types of cell junctions

A

tight junctions, desosomes, gap junctions

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14
Q

type of cell junction that hold cells closely together such that space between is impermeable to movement of macromolecules

A

tight junctions

Example – found between cellsin blood vessels; prevent bloodfrom exiting vessels

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15
Q

type of cell junction that is composed of linking integral proteins; allow for materials in extracellular fluid to pass through space between cells; holds cell together; evenly distributed; in epithelia (skin); mechanical stress

A

desosomes

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16
Q

type of cell junction that is a bunch of small pores formed by protein channels between adjacent cells that allow small substances to flow freely between each cell’s cytoplasm; binds by electrical signals; cardiac muscle; direct communication

A

gap junctions

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17
Q

Since this is avascular, it gets nutrients from diffusion; made of tight junctions and desosomes; the ECM in this is underneath the basement membrane; glues this and the connective tissue together

A

epithelial tissue

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18
Q

what makes up the basement membrane

A

basal lamina

reticular lamina

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19
Q

very thin single layer of cells with a “fried egg” appearance; rapid diffusion; lines blood vessels and the heart

A

simple squamous epithelium

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20
Q

single layer of cube-shaped cells with large central nucleus; lines glands

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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21
Q

single layer of rectangular-shaped cells with nuclei located in basal portion of cell; the microvilli or the cilia can be found here

A

simple columnar epithelium

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22
Q

appears to be layered because nuclei are found at various heights, but only one cell-layer thick with basal plasma membranes firmly in contact with basement membrane; found in segments of respiratory tract and nasal cavity; ciliated

A

pseudostratified clumnar epithelium

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23
Q

more than one layer of cells; best suited as protective barriers in locations subjected to high degrees of mechanical stress

A

stratified epithilium

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24
Q

no nucleus; dead cells; tough, resistant to friction, and durable; outer layer of the skin;

A

keratonized stratified squamous epithelium

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25
Q

nucleus; cells are alive; found in moist areas with friction (mouth, vagina, etc.)

A

nonkeratonized stratified squamous epithelium

26
Q

rare in humans, consists of two cell layers and lines ducts of sweat glands; common site in glands

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

27
Q

rare inn hhumans; few layers; apical layer= columnal, basal= cyboidal; in ducts of glands; offers protection

A

statified columnar epithelium

28
Q

only in urinary system; can flatten which causes urinary tissues to stretch; basal cell layers are cuboidal while apical cell layers are dome-shaped when tissue is relaxed

A

transitional epithelium

29
Q

structure of epithelial origin that synthesizes and secretes a product from designated secretory cells

A

glands

30
Q

what can be classified either by their shape or by how they release products

A

glands

31
Q

lines blood vessels in the heart

A

endothelium

32
Q

makes up portion of serous membrane that line abdominal cavity and cover organs

A

mesothilium

33
Q

release products onto apical surfaces of epithelium located on external surface of body or lining a hollow organ that opens to outside of body

A

exocrine glands (that and endocrine make chemicals to communicate)

34
Q

secrete their products, usually hormones, directly into the bloodstream without the use of ducts

A

endocrine glands

35
Q

most common unicellular exocrine gland; secretes mucus

A

goblet cells

36
Q

how are Multicellular glands classified?

A

according to structure of their ducts and shape of clusters of secretory cells

37
Q

list and describe the 3 possible secretory cell configuration

A

tubular (long and straight or coiled), acinar (spherical), or tubuloacinar (with both tubular and acinar sections)

38
Q

secretory cells package products in secretory vesicles for release by exocytosis into ducts; most common; and pumps objects out

A

merocrine

39
Q

what’re the 2 methods Exocrine glands use for secreting products

A

merocrine and holocrine

40
Q

used by sebaceous gland in skin to secrete sebum; within oil producing organs; manufacture products until the cell has burst; only release product when cell ruptures and dies

A

holocrine

41
Q

coumpoud asinar glands

A

mamary

42
Q

simple tubular

A

sweat

43
Q

what are the functions of connective tissues? (4)

A

connecting and binding, support, and protection, tranport

44
Q

cells that are found in the connective tissue, are incased in a ________, that is produced by a particular connective tissue cell

A

nonliving ECM

45
Q

mostly ground substance, with all three types of protein fibers, fibroblasts, and occasionally adipocytes, suspended in ground substance; binding and supporting everything in body; lots of space; matrix and fibers; ground substance

A

loose connective tissue

46
Q

three classifications of dense connective tissue?

A
  • dense irregular
  • dense regular
  • dense regular elastic
47
Q

composed of retric fibers; forms part of basement membrane

A

reticular tissue

48
Q

composed of adipocytes (fat sacs); storage of energy reserve; insulation; shock absorption

A

adipose

49
Q

most abundant; glassy; surronding bones in joint; nonliving matrix

A

cartiledge

50
Q

filled with bundles of collagen fiber

A

fibrocartiledge

51
Q

found in ear and epigladis

A

elastic cartiledge

52
Q

made up of 65% calcium; osteoblasts; can get calcium out of bone to help the rest of the body; capable of remodeling

A

bone

53
Q

what cell type froms the haversian system

A

osteoblasts

54
Q

blood

A

matrix= fluid

55
Q

which 2 muscle tissues are striated?

A

Skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue are striated while smooth muscle tissue is not

56
Q

found mostly attached to skeleton where its contraction produces body movement; voluntary or conscious control; multinucleic

A

skeletal muscle tissue

57
Q

found only in the heart; striated; this tissue is involuntary; brain does not have conscious control over its contraction; cells are short and branched; uninucleic

A

cardiac muscle tissue

58
Q

Found in walls of nearly every hollow organ, blood vessels, eyes, skin, and ducts of certain glands; contractions are involuntary; with one centrally located ovoid nucleus; plasma membranes of neighboring cells are linked together by gap junctions

A

smooth muscle tissue

59
Q

makes up majority of brain, spinal cord, and nerves; composed of two main cell types and their surrounding ECM irritable- can react to stimuli in enviorment and send that respond to other cells

A

nervous tissue

60
Q

capable of sending and receiving messages

A

Neurons (and neurologlial cells of nervous tissue that surrond ECM)

61
Q

perform various functions that support neuron activities; they do not transport electrical impulses

A

Neuroglial cells

Human Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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