Chapter 6

Question 1

what are bones made up of

Answer 1

• osseous tissue
• dense regular and irregular collagenous connective tissue as well as bone marrow- red (homocoeic tissue) and yellow (fat storage)

Question 2

what are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 2

1. protection
2. mineral storage and acid-base homeostasis
3. blood cell formation
4. fat storage
5. movement
6. support

Question 3

this bone structure is longer than it is wide; ex: humerous

Answer 3

long bone

Question 4

this bone structure is as long as it is wide; ex: wrist and ankle bones

Answer 4

short bone

Question 5

this bone structure is thin and broad bones; ex: pelvis, sternum

Answer 5

flat bones

Question 6

this bone structure is doesn’t fit in the other classes; ex: vertebrae and skull

Answer 6

irregular bones

Question 7

this bone structure is flat, round; w/in tendon; ex: patella/ knee cap

Answer 7

sesamoid bones

Question 8

in a long bone and forms a covering, rich with blood vessels and nerves; surrounds outer surface of long bones

Answer 8

periosterum

Question 9

anchors periosteum firmly to underlying bone surface by penetrating deep into bone matrix

Answer 9

perforating fibers (slide 17)

Question 10

shaft of the long bone

Answer 10

diaphysis

Question 11

end of long bone

Answer 11

epiphysis

Question 12

marrow cavity contains what?

Answer 12

either red or yellow bone marrow, depending on bone and age of individua

Question 13

hard, dense outer region that allows bone to resist linear compression and twisting forces among other stresses outside

Answer 13

compact bone

Question 14

honeycomb-like framework of bony struts; allows long bones to resist forces from many directions; provides a cavity for bone marrow middle of bone

Answer 14

spongy bone

Question 15

Bony struts of spongy bone and all inner surfaces of bone are covered by a thin membrane

Answer 15

called endosteum

Question 16

found separating both proximal and distal epiphyses from diaphysis

Answer 16

epiphseal lines

Question 17

Blood supply to short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones is provided mostly by vessels in where?

Answer 17

periosteum

Question 18

Long bones get a third of their blood supply from where?; mostly supplies compact bone

Answer 18

periosteum

Question 19

Remaining two-thirds (in long bone) is supplied by what?;

Answer 19

one or two nutrient arteries

Question 20

what is found in the ends of long bone in epandageous; in femur, sternum, hip, and humerous; replaced by yellow marrow

Answer 20

red blood marrow

Question 21

who has more red blood marrow a child or an adult?

Answer 21

Children need more red marrow to assist in their growth and development
; amount of red blood marrow decreases w age

Question 22

what is composed of triglycerides, blood vessels, and adipocytes

Answer 22

yellow blood marrow

Question 23

substance in inorganic matrix

Answer 23

hydroxypatetie

Question 24

predominant protein fiber; forms cross-links with one another; helps bone resist torsion (twisting) and tensile (pulling or stretching) forces

Answer 24

collagen

Question 25

describe how osteoblasts turn into osteocytes

Answer 25

1. osteogenic cells differenciate into osteoblasts 2. osteoblasts deposit bone until they are trapped until they become osteocytes 3. Osteocytes maintain bone ECM

Question 26

Each osteon contains between 4 and 20 lamellae arranged in layered ring structures also known as this; rings of hard, calcified, intercellular substance

Answer 26

concentric lamallae (another way to say lamallae)

Question 27

in the osteon structure a endosteum-lined hole found in center of each osteon where blood vessels and nervesreside to supply bone

Answer 27

central canal (haversian canal)

Question 28

Osteocytes reside in where?

Answer 28

lacunae | small cavities found between lamellae; filled with extracellular fluid

Question 29

in the osteon structure a Neighboring lacunae are connected to one another by a network of small passageways or canals in matrix called what?

Answer 29

canaliculi

Question 30

Are remnants of concentric or circumferential lamellae that were partially removed during bone remodeling or after osteoclasts.

Answer 30

interstitial lamallae

Question 31

Lamellae wrapped around the long bone; Bind osteons together; part of appositional growth

Answer 31

circumferential lamallae

Question 32

originate from blood vessels in periosteum and travel at right angles (perpendicular) to central canals of osteons; through which the blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum penetrate the compact bone.

Answer 32

perforating canals (valkmans canals)

Question 33

usually not weight-bearing like compact bone so is much less densely packed; Provide a protective structure for bone marrow tissue

Answer 33

spongy bone

Question 34

This begins in embryonic period and continues through childhood with most bones completing the process by age 7; Process of bone formation is called what

Answer 34

ossification or osteogenesis;

Question 35

Bones formed by what are built on a model (starting material) made of a membrane of embryonic connective tissue

Answer 35

intramembranous ossification

Question 36

Bones formed by what are built on a model of hyaline cartilage; most common

Answer 36

endochondral ossification

Question 37

dermal layers thicken can produce select bones; found in bones on face;

Answer 37

Dermal intramembranous formation-

Question 38

when bones grow in width its called

Answer 38

appositional growth

Question 39

concentric rings of bone matrix. This gives compact bone a great deal of strength like a tree's rings.

Answer 39

lamallae

Question 40

multinuclei; special enzymes and acids w/in them; break fown osteon itself to provide necessary ions to keep body functioning

Answer 40

osteoclasts

Question 41

Long bones lengthen by a process called

Answer 41

longitudinal growth