Chpt.35 Sect.2 Flashcards
Equal strength among countries
Balance of power
People who favour political reforms based on French Revolution
Liberals
People in favour of national independence
Nationalists
People who wanted to end private ownership of land and factories
Socialists
One similarity amongst all political groups
Against Congress System
Political plan and division of Europe set up by Congress of Vienna
Congress System
Ppl who set up ideal communities based on economic cooperation
Utopian socialists
Industrial working class
Proletariat
Communism
Type of socialism Made by Karl Marx Govs not needed Ppl would work cuz wanted to contribute something to society No hunger or poverty
Karl Marx believed …
Worker’s rev led by his new communist party
In communism ppl able to …
Develop own interests and talents
Factories run by workers but paid for by gov
National workshops
Congress of Vienna nickname + why
Waltzing Congress
Spent much time at dances, dinners, fox hunts
Prince Klemens von Metternich Czar Alexander I of Russia King Fredrick William III of Prussia Viscount Castlereagh Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand
Ppl part of Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna goal
Build peaceful and stable Europe
How to build ideal Europe/Congress
Balance of power
Napoleon’s Grand Empire divided
Finland + most of Poland
Russia
Norway
Sweden
Part of Northern Italy
Austria
Islands of Malta and Ceylon and a Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa
GB
What were made a single nation
Belgium and Holland
Austria headed
Loose confederation of 39 German states
Congress against
Democracy
Hoped to crunch revolutionary ideas with divine-right monarchy
Congress changes in Europe
Louis XVIII/Louis XVI brother
Able to bring back monarchy in Spain and Portugal
Pope made ruler of Papal States
Ideals of French rev
Individual freedom
Equal rights under law
Freedom of thought and religion
Middle class mostly + reason
Liberals
Wanted changes that would improve lives
Changes middle class wanted
Voting rights for landowners
Protection of private property
Some wanted constitutional monarchy other republic
Liberals strongest in
GB and France
Congress of Vienna paid no attention to
Nationalists feelings during division of Grand Empire
Belgians didn’t wanna be part of Holland
Italians didn’t wanna be ruled by Austrians
State or ppl should own all means of production
Then everyone treated fairly and workers lives improve
Socialists
Believed only way to bring reform through revolution
Karl Marx
A German
Karl Marx’s beliefs prior rev
Proletariat rise up and take power
Had nothing to loose but everything to gain
Marx’s beliefs after worker’s rev
Communism basically
1820
Liberals, nationalists, socialists led revs against Congress System
Earliest took place in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Russia
All failed
Greek nationalist hopeful
1821
Greeks rebelled against Ottoman Empire
After 8 yrs gained independence
1830
Another rev in France
After Louis xviii died bro Charles x took throne
Charles X
Wanted old regime
Did away w/ National Assembly weeks after
Took voting rights from middle class
Returned control to RC Church
July rev
Middle clas w/ students and unemployed workers overthrew gov
After 3 days Charlsie skirted
Victory for middle class
Throne given to bros cus Louis-Philippe
Middle class wanted
Constitutional monarchy
Working class wanted
Republic
Universal male suffrage
voters increase under
LP rule Only rich of middle class could vote Angered members of middle and working class
Right of all adult males to vote
Universal male suffrage
Mary Wollstonecraft
All ppl should vote regardless of gender
Published book defending women’s voting 1792
Helped spark woman’s suffrage
Margaret Thatcher
1st female Prime Minister of GB
1979-1990
1831/Belgian nationalists
Won independence from Holland
Poles fought Russia but lost
Uprisings in German and Italian states put down and needed quickly
Liberal reforms made by gradual change vs rev
In GB
1832/British gov
Law lowered amount of land man needed to vote
Increased voters by 1/2
Gave industrial towns more rep in Parliament
British middle class more say in gov
Reforms helped working class
Labour unions gained right to strike in order to obtain
Shorter hours
Higher wages
Better working conditions
1890
Working class males obtained right to vote
Revs of 1848
Govs overthrown all over Europe
Rebellion started in France again
Louis-Philippe/1848
Tried to be citizen king
Didn’t walk w/servants
Wore frock coat and trousers
Prob w/ LP
Very rich and gov only served rich
Industrial workers and middle-class liberals unhappy
Economy bad throughout Europe
Ppl didn’t have jobs
1845 + 1846
Potato and wheat crops failed
Not enough food for everyone
Feb.1848
Riots in Paris
LP field
Declared Second French Republic by rev leaders
Temp gov et up until new National Assembly able to be elected
Persuaded other leaders to set up national workshops
Louis Blanc
French gov supporting … still
Over 100,000
New National Assembly
Ready by April
Did away w/ workshops
Drew up constitution
Called for president elected by universal male suffrage
Result of NA’s choices
Workers revolted for 3 days until army stepped in
Over 10,000 killed
Napoleon’s nephew (Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte)
Elected as president of 2nd French Republic
Inherited uncles destiny
1851/Louis Napoleon
Did away w/ constitution
Apart later cited emperor Napoleon III
Republic renamed 2nd French Empire
In throne until 1879
French rev caused
Rev all over Europe
Hungarians, Germans, Italians rebelled but failed
Still led to important changes
Northern and Western Europe
Where universal male suffrage mostly spread
In almost every European country was
Socialist party
