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PTA II (Lecture) > Chpt. 9- Orthopedics: Spine > Flashcards

Chpt. 9- Orthopedics: Spine Flashcards

1
Q

How many curves for each:
Lordodic Cruve?
Kyphotic Curve?

A

L=2

K=1

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2
Q

How many spine roots?

A

31

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3
Q

What is the pedicle?

A

pillar of bone, leads up to spinal canal

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4
Q

What are the 3 ligaments that stabilize the spine?

A
  1. Ligamentum Flavium
  2. Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
  3. Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
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5
Q

What are 4 general conditions involving the spine?

A
  1. Degenerative Disc Disease
  2. Disc herniations
  3. Pinched nerves
  4. Laminectomy (lamina removed)
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6
Q

What 3 things happen to the spine in DDD (Degenerative disc disease) ?

A

-loses water
-loses height/shrinking=
PINCHED disc because the space between the vertebrae becomes smaller

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7
Q

In DDD, the degenerative changes happens in the ___, ___, and ___, which cause the spinal segment to become loose and ____.

A
  • disc
  • facet joints
  • ligaments
  • unstable
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8
Q

What is a herniated or ruptured disc?

A

When the nucleus pushes through the torn annulus and into the spinal canal

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9
Q

So what actually causes pain in DDD?

A

pressure on the nerves and inflammation

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10
Q

Where do bone spurs develop in DDD? What do bones spurs do?

A
  • around the facet joints and the discs

- bone spurs press on the nerves of the spine that pass through the neural foramina

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11
Q

how do disc herniations usually occur?

A

due to flexing forward and quickly moving side ways

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12
Q

What are 2 good exercises for Herniated discs (DDD)?

A
  • mackenzie exercises
  • back extension exercises

*lying prone + reduces pressure on disc

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13
Q

What are 5 causes of the pinched nerve?

A
  1. Disc herniations
  2. DDD (DEGENERATIVE DISK DISEASE)
  3. Bone spurs
  4. Tumors
  5. Ligament buckling in the foramen
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14
Q

What is a last surgical resort if pain is severe for pinched nerve?

A

Laminectomy: surgical procedure to relieve pressure on the spinal cord due to spinal stenosis

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15
Q

What is Spinal stenosis?

A

bone spurs that press against the spinal cord, leading to a myelopathy

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16
Q

What does the rehab consists of for Laminectomy?

A

Walking

  • stationary cycling
  • arm cycling (for cardiovascular exercises)
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17
Q

Why is there such a high prevalence of Whiplashes in BC? (3 reasons)

A
  1. High altitude ( ex. cacahaula)
  2. Multi cutural nation (ppl dont know how to drive in an environment like this)
  3. Aging population (driving over 90)
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18
Q

What are 5 symptoms of whiplash?

A
  1. Neck pain or neck pain that travels down the arm (radiculopathy)
  2. Headaches
  3. Low back pain (LBP)
  4. Jaw pain (TMJ)
  5. Dizziness
19
Q

What is TMJ? What can it also cause?

A

Tempomandibular joint

–> Painful headaches

20
Q

Is it uncommon to have a delay in symptoms after a whiplash?

A

No!

21
Q

What are the 2 extremes of the Task Force on Whiplash and WAD (Whiplash Associated Disorder) Classification Scale?

A

Grade 0= No complaint or physical sign

Grade IV: Neck pain and fracture or dislocation

22
Q

What are some factor affecting the severity of WAD?

A
  1. getting hit from behind
  2. previous neck pain/headaches
  3. previous similar injury
  4. poor POSTURE at the time of impact
  5. sitting in front rather than back

*Wearing a seatbelt makes it worse actually for WAD

23
Q

What is the Acute phase for Whiplash?

A
  • Collars
  • NSAIDs (anti inflammatory drugs)
  • heat/ cold
  • light ROM, isometric exercises (resist in 4 directions)
24
Q

What other modalities could be used for the Acute phase of Whiplash?
What muscle do we have to strengthen in the neck?

A

-Modalities such as TNS and IFC may help with pain relief

– Longus colli

25
Q

What is a Scheuermann’s disease?

A

when the THORACIC KYPHOSIS angle is too far (more than 45 degrees)

*normal curve is: 25-40 degrees

26
Q

What happens in Scheuermann’s disease?

A

(like Osteoperosis for kids)
- front of vertebral crushes itself

-the front of the vertebral body becomes wedge-shaped, possibly from abnormal growth

27
Q

Patients with Scheuermann’s disease it is more likely to form “______” which is a condition that form _____ of disc material inside the vertebral body (vertebrae)

A
  • Schmori’s nodes

- pockets

28
Q

What are 3 etiologys (reasons) for Thoracic Kyphosis?

A
  1. genetics
  2. childhood osteoporosis
  3. mechanical reasons
29
Q

What do doctors commonly use for Scheuermann’s Kyphosis?
And what does it do?
When is it NOT effective?

A

Milwaukee brace:

  • holds shoulders back and gradually straightens the thoracic curve
  • NOT EFFECTIVE: when angle is more than 75 degrees
30
Q

What are two common surgical procedures to treat Thoracic Kyphosis?
When is it NOT effective?

A
  1. Posterior fusion
  2. Combined fusion (very SERIOUS surgery)

-NOT EFFECTIVE: when angle is more than 65 degrees

31
Q

Instability in the Lumbar spine can happen because: (3)

A
  1. DDD
  2. Trauma, such as falling or rotation injury at work/sports
  3. Disc herniation
32
Q

Pain is frequently worse in _____ or _____ with Lumbar Spine instability. Pain also often radiates down the ___.

A
  • Extension
  • Rotation

-leg

33
Q

What is one reason why the Lumbar spine might be unstable?

A

Spondylolisthesis

34
Q

What is Spondylolisthesis ?

A

One vertebrae slipping forward on the other vertebrae due to a FRACTURE, degeneration of the FACET JOINTS or CONGENITAL

35
Q

What is an exercise for Spondylolisthesis?

A

-posterior pelvic tilt

36
Q

What are the 3 grades for Sacroiliac joint dysfunction ?

Sacroiliac (joint between sacrum and ilium)

A

Grade 1: 25% slippage
Grade 2: 50% slippage
Grade 3: over 50% slippage

37
Q

During adulhood, the SI joint barely moves, but when is the SI joint more relaxed?

A

at the end of pregnancy: hormones cause it being ore relaxed

38
Q

The older one gets, the more likely that the joint is completely ____.

A

ankylosed

39
Q

When do you use a Belt for Sacroiliac joint injuries?

How long is it supposed to be worn for?

A
  • during EXERCISES; specifically compression of pelvic

- all day, for 6 week period

40
Q

What muscle is very IMPORTANT to train in the Core?

A

The Transverse Abdominis

41
Q

What is Neutral Spine?

A

the midpoint between full lordosis (anterior tilt) and full posterior tilt

42
Q

What are 2 appropriate exercises for Transverse Abdominis?

A
  1. CONTRACTION ex. lying on back; palpate finger inferomedially (lower middle)
    1-2 inches from ASIS
  2. SIDELYING; clamshell ex. (moving knees together and apart)
43
Q

When is the Pelvic Floor muscle stabilized?

Exercise?

A

When it is weak, and when you are incontinent (or have troubles controlling flow of urine)

  • KEGEL exercises; Contraction

PTA II (Lecture) (13 decks)

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