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PTA II (Lecture) > Chapter 4. TBI > Flashcards

Chapter 4. TBI Flashcards

1
Q

__ is the leading cause of death and disability in children and young adults.
- 1/2 brain injuries are the result of ____ collisions.

A
  • Traumatic Brain Injury

- motor vehicle

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2
Q

Which population, what age and when, is there the highest rate of TBI?

A
  • young men ages 14-24

- summer

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3
Q

Approximately 70% of survivors are between age __ to ___

A

18 and 28

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4
Q

Survivors of serious TBI may face __ to __ years of rehabilitation services.

A

-5 to 10

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5
Q

What is the primary cause of TBI for:
Infants:
Toddlers:
Early Elementary

A

Infants: abuse, neglect
Toddlers: abuse, falls
Early Elementary: falls, pedestrian-motor vehicle accidents

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6
Q

What is the primary cause of TBI for:
Late elementary:
High school + older:

A
  • pedestrian-bicicle accidents + SPORTs

- Motot vehicle accidents

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7
Q

What is a Congenital Brain Injury?

A

a condition a child is born with (e.g., metabolic disorder, chromosomal abnormality)

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8
Q

What is a Perinatal Brain Injury?

A

a condition that develops around the time of birth (e.g., perinatal stroke)

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9
Q

What is a Open Head/Brain Injury:

A

Brain injury in which the skull, meninges, and brain are penetrated by an external object (e.g., gunshot)

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10
Q

What is a Closed Head/Brain Injury?

A

Brain injury in which the skull and meninges are NOT penetrated (e.g., head hits the dashboard)

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11
Q

___ __ are more likely to experience seizures than __ __ injuries

A
  • open head injuries

- closed head

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12
Q

What are 3 way to receive a closed head/brain injury

A
  1. Acceleration/deceleration injuries (ex. falls)
  2. Anoxic Episodes (lack of oxygen ex. drowning)
  3. Focal injuries (non penetrating)
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13
Q

Which one is more common: open or closed head/brain injury?

A

-closed

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14
Q

What is Coup/Contracoup?

A

a type of traumatic brain injury in which the brain is bruised

coup: area hit
contracoup: area opp. hit

-head hitting dashboard
mass of brain shot forward and back
-often causing bleeding

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15
Q

Generally, where is the brain tissue mostly injured ?

A

at the site of coup and contracoup

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16
Q

What is a extreme condition of a TBI?

A

Axonal shearing; This injury involves damage to individual nerve cells (neurons) and loss of connections among neurons which can lead to a breakdown of overall communication among neurons in the brain.

**When the Neuron tears the axon right off

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17
Q

What are 3 secondary effect of closed/open head/brain injury

A
  1. Bleeding: (contributes to increased intracranial pressure)
  2. Swelling (contributes to increased intracranial pressure) – pain, inflammation, redness and heat / caused by fluid pressing out)
  3. Lack of oxygen to the brain (results in cell death) – caused by brain bleeding
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18
Q

What are some predictors of outcome after TBI?

A
  • Duration of coma
  • Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA): confusion after TBI
  • Age
  • Location of injury
  • Pre-injury functioning
  • Support systems
19
Q

___ is a state of unconsciousness in which the person cannot be aroused or does not respond, even to painful stimuli

A

Coma

20
Q

What are 2 types of Coma scales?

A
  • Glasgow Coma Scale (more popular)

- Rancho Los Amigos Scale of Cognitive Levels

21
Q

The __ ___ ___ rates the survivor’s ability to open his or her eyes and respond to verbal commands.

A

-Glasgow Coma Scale

22
Q

What are the two extremes scores for the Glasgow Coma Scale?

A 
3= no response (worst)
15= alert and oriented
23
Q

3 types of responses measure in the Glasgow Coma Scale?

A
  • eye opening response
  • verbal response
  • motor response
24
Q

What are the 3 types of Brain Injury Classifications?

A
  • mild brain injury= less than 1 hr (ex. concussion)
  • moderate= less than 24hr
  • severe= more than 24hrs
25
Q

What parts of the brain makes up the brainstem ?

What is its function?

A

-medulla,pons, midbrain

function; responsible for basic life functions (breathing, regulation of heart rate, sleeping)

26
Q

What is the function of the Cerebellums?

Injury:?

A
  • helps modulate motor responses

* *injury disrupts coordination and muscle tone

27
Q

What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?

Injury:?

A
  • regulates physical movement

* ** injury results in involuntary movements, slowness or tremor

28
Q

What are the 2 organs that make up the Diencephalon?

A

-Hypothalamus and the Thalamus

29
Q

What is the Hypothalamus’ function?

A

controls hunger, thirst,

  • sleep
  • body temperature,
  • **hormones; important role in emotional regulation
30
Q

What is the Thalamus’ function?

A

relays information regarding sensation and movement

31
Q

What 2 organs make up the Limbic System?

A
  • Hippocampus

- Amygdala

32
Q

What is the function of the Hippocampus?

A

memory retrieval

33
Q

What is the function of the Amygdala?

A

emotional memories

34
Q

Where is the Cerebral Cortex located and what is its function?

A
  • closest to the surface of the skull

- responsible for higher level thinking skills (center of conscious brain activity)

35
Q

What is the function of the Frontal Lobes?

A

-control executive functions, including such functions as initiation, anticipation, planning, and goal directed activities

36
Q

What is the function of the Parietal Lobes?

injury:?

A
  • Receives, analyzes, and integrates sensory and motor stimuli
  • Recognizes touch, location in space
    • injury here results in difficulty recognizing faces and interpreting spatial cues
37
Q

What is the function of the Temporal Lobes?

A
  • Receives, analyzes, and integrates auditory information
  • Forms memories
  • Center for language (expressive and receptive)
38
Q

What are 2 negative effects of Brain Injury that kids could have more than adults?

A
  • they have ‘Open fontanels’ (brain hasnt closed-still growing)
  • more frequent seizures than older children
39
Q

What is interrupted when an Elementary student has a Brain injury?

A

development of critical cognitive and communication skills

40
Q

What affects are there when a Highschool student has a Brain injury?

A

Psychosocial effects of brain injury threaten adolescent’s sense of self

41
Q

Can brain injuries be repaired?

A

Once neurons are severed they cannot yet be repaired.

BUT over time function generally improves due to development of new pathways

42
Q

What are the 4 stages after ABI (Aquired Brain Injury) for the patient vs. family

A
  1. Initial Injury=shock
  2. Coma=fear
  3. Rehab=reestablishing family routines
  4. Reintegration=altering dreams
43
Q

What are 3 ways for PT treatment for TBI?

A

Treatment depends upon area of brain affected

  1. balance/coordination
  2. Tone reduction
  3. rocking and alternating movements

PTA II (Lecture) (13 decks)

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