Chapter 4. TBI Flashcards
__ is the leading cause of death and disability in children and young adults.
- 1/2 brain injuries are the result of ____ collisions.
- Traumatic Brain Injury
- motor vehicle
Which population, what age and when, is there the highest rate of TBI?
- young men ages 14-24
- summer
Approximately 70% of survivors are between age __ to ___
18 and 28
Survivors of serious TBI may face __ to __ years of rehabilitation services.
-5 to 10
What is the primary cause of TBI for:
Infants:
Toddlers:
Early Elementary
Infants: abuse, neglect
Toddlers: abuse, falls
Early Elementary: falls, pedestrian-motor vehicle accidents
What is the primary cause of TBI for:
Late elementary:
High school + older:
- pedestrian-bicicle accidents + SPORTs
- Motot vehicle accidents
What is a Congenital Brain Injury?
a condition a child is born with (e.g., metabolic disorder, chromosomal abnormality)
What is a Perinatal Brain Injury?
a condition that develops around the time of birth (e.g., perinatal stroke)
What is a Open Head/Brain Injury:
Brain injury in which the skull, meninges, and brain are penetrated by an external object (e.g., gunshot)
What is a Closed Head/Brain Injury?
Brain injury in which the skull and meninges are NOT penetrated (e.g., head hits the dashboard)
___ __ are more likely to experience seizures than __ __ injuries
- open head injuries
- closed head
What are 3 way to receive a closed head/brain injury
- Acceleration/deceleration injuries (ex. falls)
- Anoxic Episodes (lack of oxygen ex. drowning)
- Focal injuries (non penetrating)
Which one is more common: open or closed head/brain injury?
-closed
What is Coup/Contracoup?
a type of traumatic brain injury in which the brain is bruised
coup: area hit
contracoup: area opp. hit
-head hitting dashboard
mass of brain shot forward and back
-often causing bleeding
Generally, where is the brain tissue mostly injured ?
at the site of coup and contracoup
What is a extreme condition of a TBI?
Axonal shearing; This injury involves damage to individual nerve cells (neurons) and loss of connections among neurons which can lead to a breakdown of overall communication among neurons in the brain.
**When the Neuron tears the axon right off
What are 3 secondary effect of closed/open head/brain injury
- Bleeding: (contributes to increased intracranial pressure)
- Swelling (contributes to increased intracranial pressure) – pain, inflammation, redness and heat / caused by fluid pressing out)
- Lack of oxygen to the brain (results in cell death) – caused by brain bleeding
What are some predictors of outcome after TBI?
- Duration of coma
- Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA): confusion after TBI
- Age
- Location of injury
- Pre-injury functioning
- Support systems
___ is a state of unconsciousness in which the person cannot be aroused or does not respond, even to painful stimuli
Coma
What are 2 types of Coma scales?
- Glasgow Coma Scale (more popular)
- Rancho Los Amigos Scale of Cognitive Levels
The __ ___ ___ rates the survivor’s ability to open his or her eyes and respond to verbal commands.
-Glasgow Coma Scale
What are the two extremes scores for the Glasgow Coma Scale?
3= no response (worst) 15= alert and oriented
3 types of responses measure in the Glasgow Coma Scale?
- eye opening response
- verbal response
- motor response
What are the 3 types of Brain Injury Classifications?
- mild brain injury= less than 1 hr (ex. concussion)
- moderate= less than 24hr
- severe= more than 24hrs
What parts of the brain makes up the brainstem ?
What is its function?
-medulla,pons, midbrain
function; responsible for basic life functions (breathing, regulation of heart rate, sleeping)
What is the function of the Cerebellums?
Injury:?
- helps modulate motor responses
* *injury disrupts coordination and muscle tone
What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?
Injury:?
- regulates physical movement
* ** injury results in involuntary movements, slowness or tremor
What are the 2 organs that make up the Diencephalon?
-Hypothalamus and the Thalamus
What is the Hypothalamus’ function?
controls hunger, thirst,
- sleep
- body temperature,
- **hormones; important role in emotional regulation
What is the Thalamus’ function?
relays information regarding sensation and movement
What 2 organs make up the Limbic System?
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
What is the function of the Hippocampus?
memory retrieval
What is the function of the Amygdala?
emotional memories
Where is the Cerebral Cortex located and what is its function?
- closest to the surface of the skull
- responsible for higher level thinking skills (center of conscious brain activity)
What is the function of the Frontal Lobes?
-control executive functions, including such functions as initiation, anticipation, planning, and goal directed activities
What is the function of the Parietal Lobes?
injury:?
- Receives, analyzes, and integrates sensory and motor stimuli
- Recognizes touch, location in space
- injury here results in difficulty recognizing faces and interpreting spatial cues
What is the function of the Temporal Lobes?
- Receives, analyzes, and integrates auditory information
- Forms memories
- Center for language (expressive and receptive)
What are 2 negative effects of Brain Injury that kids could have more than adults?
- they have ‘Open fontanels’ (brain hasnt closed-still growing)
- more frequent seizures than older children
What is interrupted when an Elementary student has a Brain injury?
development of critical cognitive and communication skills
What affects are there when a Highschool student has a Brain injury?
Psychosocial effects of brain injury threaten adolescent’s sense of self
Can brain injuries be repaired?
Once neurons are severed they cannot yet be repaired.
BUT over time function generally improves due to development of new pathways
What are the 4 stages after ABI (Aquired Brain Injury) for the patient vs. family
- Initial Injury=shock
- Coma=fear
- Rehab=reestablishing family routines
- Reintegration=altering dreams
What are 3 ways for PT treatment for TBI?
Treatment depends upon area of brain affected
- balance/coordination
- Tone reduction
- rocking and alternating movements
