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PTA II (Lecture) > Chapter 1- Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sequence of the Nagi Classification

A

Disease-Impairment-Functional Limitation-Disability-Handicap

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2
Q

What is another word for Disease

A

Pathology

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3
Q

What is ‘impairment’

A

An alteration of structure and function

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4
Q

What is ‘functional limitation’

A

Difficulty performing routine tasks

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5
Q

What is a ‘disability’

A

SIGNIFICANT functional limitation

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6
Q

What is ‘handicap’

A

SOCIAL disadvantage of disability

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7
Q

What are four points that a PTA does to assist a PT with a NEURO client

A
  1. Have client sit/lie on SIDE on low plynths
  2. Support key positions (ex.sit behind them)
  3. Have 2 people working together
  4. Work with client for short time (20min; fatique otherwise)
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8
Q

3 roles of a PTA

A
  1. Carry out exercise programs; ROM, strething, strengthening, balance exercises
  2. Adjusting aids and other devices
  3. Teaching family members
    PROMOTE complete INDEPENDENCE !!
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9
Q

Who else is part of the Rehab Team

A
  • Doctors
  • Physiatrists (Rehab medicine Dr.)
  • Nurses
  • Patient
  • Family
  • OT,PT,RT
  • SLP (Speech Language Pathologist)
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10
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe (largest lobe)

A

Integrates SENSORY input; sets Somatosensory cortex

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11
Q

What is the function of a frontal lobe

A

Conscious (Motor) Movement

-Personality

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12
Q

What is the function of a temporal lobe (sides of brain)

A

Hearing and Language

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13
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe

A

Vision

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14
Q

Is the sciatic nerve part of the somatic or autonomic nervous system?

A

-Somatic neverous system

Sciatic: relates to body; nerves UP the back

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15
Q

What is a myotome

A

Myo=muscle

-Primary single spinal nerve root innervating: 3 nerves (L2,L3,L4)

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16
Q

What is the key myotome of C5

A

abductors:deltoid

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17
Q

What is the key myotome for C6

A

elbow flexors; biceps

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18
Q

What is the key myotome for C7

A

elbow etension; tricepts

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19
Q

What is the key myotome for C8

A

Thumb extension

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20
Q

What is the key myotome for T1

A

finger abduction/adduction

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21
Q

What is the key myotome for L3

A

leg extension/quads

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22
Q

What is the key myotome for L4

A

Dorsiflexors

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23
Q

What is the myotome for L5

A

Toe extensors

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24
Q

What is the myotome of S1

A

plantarflexors

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25
Q

What is a dermatome

A

area of skin supplied by a single nerve: MOTOR and SENSORY nerve
(Derm=skin)

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26
Q

What is info is carried in the corticospinal tract

A

Motor info descending from the cortex to spine

Cortico=cortex

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27
Q

What are the 3 Cerebral branches from the ‘Circle of Willis’

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Middle
  3. Posterior Cerebral Artery
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28
Q

Is ACETYLCHOLINE a facilitatory (excitatory) or inhibitory NT?

A

Facilitatory (Excitatory)

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29
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

Electrical charge inside and excitatory cell, around (-70 to 90mv)

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30
Q

What are the 4 chemical elements in a membrane potential

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Potassium
  3. Chlorine
  4. Calcium
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31
Q

Where on the continuum of tone is SPASTICITY

A

High-tone

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32
Q

What are the different types of tones and give and example for each

A

NORMAL tone: from relaxed to higher to higher extension
LOW-tone: flaccid
(ex. down syndrome)
HIGH-tone: Spasticity (ex. MS/Autism)

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33
Q

MOTOR control is defined as

A

the ability to MAINTAIN and CHANGE posture and movement

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34
Q

Is Motor control a quick or long learning process

A

QUICK learning process (fractions of a second)

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35
Q

What does the motor control allow the nervous system to do

A

direct WHAT muscles will be used, in what ORDER, and how QUICKLY in order to solve a movement problem

36
Q

Is Motor learning a quick or long learning process

A

LONG learning process

hours,days,or weeks

37
Q

What plays an important role in Motor control

A

Sensory information

38
Q

How does sensation play an important role in motor control

A

INITIALLY; it cues REFLEXIVE movement
(ex. stroking a baby’s cheek causes them to turn towards the contact)
LATER; provides important feedback for reaching/creeping
(ex. sound/sight feedsback to brain, responding in a movement response

39
Q

What are the 2 Motor Control Theories

A
  1. Hierarchy Model (top-down theory)

2. System Model

40
Q

From where and to is information sent in the HIERARCHICAL Theory

A

From the CORTEX downt to SUBCORTICAL structures

41
Q

What is the initial part of the Hierarchical Theory that makes you move a certain way

A

Person ‘thinks’ about moving and NERVOUS system carries out command

42
Q

When is voluntary movement achieved tin the Hierarchical Theory

A

through maturation of the cortex

43
Q

How is the maturation of the cortex assessed in the Hierarchical Theory

A

through reflexes

44
Q

Are reflexes primitive or trained

A

Primitive

ex. Feeding Reflex, Palmar grasp

45
Q

What is the basis of all Movement in the Hierarchical Ttheory

A

Reflex

46
Q

After PRIMITIVE reflexes, the next higher level of reflexes are the ?

A

TONIC reflexes

assoc. with the brainstem

47
Q

What is the acronym for ATNR

A

Assymetrical Tonic Neck Reflex

ie. right-left extremity: baby moving arms towards one direction

48
Q

What is the acronym for STNR

A

Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex

ie. upper-lower extremity: when arms and neck FLEX, leg EXTEND

49
Q

What is the acronym for TLR

A

Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex
(ie. when head is extended whole body is extended, if head is in flexion whole body is in flexion; increased extensor tone when an infant is supine)

50
Q

When should Primitive and Tonic Reflexes be integrated (gone) already

A

By 4-6 months

51
Q

The farther one moves up the hierarchy, the more inhibition of…

A

Lower structures

52
Q

tonic reflexes inhibit which reflexes?

A

Spinal Reflexes

ex.one smooths out the other ie: from primitive -tonic reflexes

53
Q

List five Primitive Reflees

A
  1. Rooting
  2. Moro
  3. ATNR
  4. STNR
  5. Palmar grasp
54
Q

At what age should the ROOTING reflex be gone

A

3 months

55
Q

At what age should the MORO reflex be gone

A

between 4-6 months

56
Q

At what age should the ATNR be gone

A

between 4-6 months

57
Q

At what age should the STNR be gone

A

between 8-12 months

58
Q

At what age should the Plantar Grasp reflex be gone

A

9 months

59
Q

What is reflex that stays present throughout adulthood

A

Gagging reflex

60
Q

What are POSTURAL responses and and BALANCE reactions associated with

A

Midbrain and Cortex

61
Q

What must be gained before MOBILITY

A

Stability

62
Q

What are the key stages (in sequence) of acquiring POSTURE in Developing Motor Control

A
  • Prone on elbows before crawling

- Sitting unsupported before standing

63
Q

What is the cephalocaudal (Hierarchicaly) postural control sequence

A
  1. Head righting reactions
  2. Righting reactions (keep head + trunk vertically aligned
  3. Equilibrium reactions(whole body trying to reach to center when gravity changes)
64
Q

What is the RIGHTING REACTION

A

Keeping head + trunk vertically aligned

65
Q

How does the SYSTEM Model differ from the Hierarchical Theory

A

Many systems are working at the same time in a complex manner

66
Q

What is a fundamental characteristic of the system model and why is it used

A

Feedback (making sure client is aware of their reflexes) to CONTROL movement

67
Q

When using feedback, to control movement, what is key for the patient to know

A

Whether the movement has been successful in the past!!

68
Q

What are the (7) components of the POSTURAL CONTROL system

A
  1. Limits of stability
  2. Environmental Adaption
  3. Musculoskeletal system
  4. Predictive central set
  5. Motor coordination
  6. Eye-head stabilization and sensory
  7. Sensory Organization
69
Q

What are the (3) common sway strategies in STANDING in Postural Control

A
  • Ankle strategy
  • Hip strategy
  • Stepping Strategy
70
Q

What (3) muscles are used to maintain ankle posture

A
  1. Peronius (around ankel)
  2. Tibialis Anterior (around tibia)
  3. Gastrocnemius
71
Q

What are the (3) systems that determine the STANDING SWAY strategy in Postural Control

A
  • Visual System
  • Vestibular (close to ear-sens of balance) System
  • Somatosensory (sensation anywhere in body) System
72
Q

Which Model/Theory best explains the acquisition of posture and movement across the LIFESPAN: the Hierarchical System Model

A

System

73
Q

Babies and toddles tend to function according to__ and adults will solve a new motor problem through the__

A
  • Hierarchical Theory

- System Model

74
Q

This term brings about permanent change in motor performance as a result of practice and experience.

A

Motor Learning

75
Q

What are the (3) phases to Motor Learning

A
  1. COGNITIVE- high degree of concentration required)
  2. ASSOCIATIVE -frequent errors during learning;concentration on “how” to do task
  3. AUTONOMOUS phase-task is au autonomic; few mistakes
76
Q

What is the difference between CLOSED and OPEN loop feedback

A

Open: someone is telling me what is going on
Closed: you dont need somebody to tell you, you automatically feel what to do

77
Q

What are the two qualities a brain has

A

Plastic- permanent change

Elastic- is able to work around damage

78
Q

What is AXONIAL SPROUTING

A

new axons (from cell) work/spread around dead zone in brain

79
Q

WHO proposed the neuro-developmental treatment (NDT) approach

A

Karl and Berta Bobath

80
Q

WHO developed the approach for CVA patients

A

Brunnstrom- typical course for recovery from stroke

81
Q

Who developed the PNF (Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation)

A

Kobat, Knott, and Voss

82
Q

What are 5 common Neuro Pathologies

A
  • Stroke (most common)
  • CP
  • Autism
  • Down Syndrome
  • Spina Bifida
83
Q

Mass patterns of movement+ primitive reflex are replaced by__ like Isometric control percedes ___

A

-Selective voluntary control

84
Q

What are the major Gross-Motor milestones

A
  • Head control (4 months)
  • Walking (12 months)
  • Jumping
85
Q

How long does it take for a child to jump from one foot to the same foot rhythmically

A

42 months (3 and 1/2)

86
Q

What are 2 examples of primitive reflexes

A

Rooting and Palmar Grasp

PTA II (Lecture) (13 decks)

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