Chpt. 6. Parkinsons and MS Flashcards
What is Parkinson’s Disease?
a progressive neurodegenerative disease which involves the loss of cells in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra (produces dopamine)
It is estimated that by the time the diagnosis of Parkinson’s is made, approximately __ of dopamine-producing cells (which act as messengers between brain cells that ___ ____) have already stopped!
- 80%
- control movement
Approx. how many Canadians have Parkinsons (ususally around age 60) ?
100,000
In younger patients what symptoms is more frequently seen in Parkinson’s?
- dystonia (involuntary muscle contraction)
- motor fluctuations and -dyskinesia (onvoluntary movement) associated with LEVODOPA
What symptom is less common in younger people with Parkinsons?
- trembling
- cognitive disorders (memory impairment/concentration difficulties)
What is another term for Parnkinson’s ?
“extrapyramidal disorder” : something that happens at the medulla oblongdata (looks like pyramid)
The Extrapyramidal system consists of the __ (incl. substantia nigra). Axon goes from Substantia nigra to ___ and “smoothes out my movements” working with the cerebellum to inhibit unwanted movements.
- basal ganglia
- cerebellum
What is the most common disorder of the Extrapyramidal tracts? and what are the other 3?
- Parkinson’s
also: Chorea, Athetosis, Ballismus (involuntary movement)
What are 4 Signs of Parkinsons?
- Tremor
- Rigidity/spasticity
- Bradykinesia
- Mask like face
- pin-rolling
- festinating gait
What are the some (4) causes of Parkinson’s?
- idiopathic (degration of Subst. Nigra)
- Toxic Exposure
- Arteriosclerotic (mini stroke)
- Shy-Drager Syndrome
*What is Shy Drager Syndrome?
-Associated with hypotension, frequent urinary incontinence and frequent fainiting in Parkinson’s
What mainly produces all the dopamine in brain?
-Substantia Nigra (SN) and Basal Ganglia (BG)
What is Rigidity and how is it caused?
-enlarged muscle spindles; caused by over-stimulation (too much Ach)
*What are 3 exercises for Parkinsons?
- trunk flexion/extension (even rotation to break up trunk tone)
- balance exercises
- facial mobility
*Give me 3 standing exercises for Parkinsons
- Step turns: breaks up festinating gait
- Shift fwd and lean back: breaks up tone in back
- Step over bolsters/obstacles: balance
What is MS? and what part of the brain (also spine) does it affect? (6)`
- (progressive degenerative disease) Scar/lesions-like plaques commonly on:
- basal ganglia
- optic nerve (double vision)
- 3rd and 4th ventricles
- midbrain
- pons
- spinal cord
MS is a diseas that is a process of degenerating __ and ___ : cells that produce myelin.
Myelin is important for quick impulses.
- myelin
- oligodendricytes
What are the extremes of the Scale of MS?
0- Normal 10- Death due to MS: resulting from -respiratory paralysis, -coma of uncertain origin, or following repeated/prolonged -epileptic seizures
What are the 3 types of MS according to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society?
- Clinically isolated Syndrome (intitial attack, “leg gave out”)
- Relapsing-Remitting MS (Benign MS: attack, and never comes back)
- Progressive MS (Primary +Secondary)
*What is the most common types of MS?
-Relapsing Remitting (RRMS)
|»_space;It is characterized by one or two flare-ups every 1 to 3 years, followed by periods of remission.
- What is the initial, symptom in MS?
* *What are some other Common signs/symptoms?
-Optic neurtis (blurred double vision/blindness)
- Parasthesis: Sensory “pins+needles”
- Trigeminal Neuralgia: pain face
- clonus and hyperreflexia
What is the only form of MS that affects men and women equally?
Primary Progressive MS (PPMS)
How do you diagnose someone with MS? (NOT JUST ACCORDING TO PLAQUE)
- must experience 2 seperate attacks at least one month apart (lasting 24 hours)
- must be detectable damage to the myelin of the CNS, snd must occur more than once
Did you know that most population have __ but don’t have MS ?
plaques
*What is the common onset age for MS?
20-50 years
*What is the ratio for men vs. women in MS?
3:2
*Where is the greatest incidence with MS?
Caucasians;
USA, Canada, Europe, Scandinavia, Russia, South Africa, etc.
What is the MEAN age onset of MS?
29-33
*In Canada, MS is at least twice as prevalent in the ___ ___.
And ___ has the highest rate of MS.
- Prairie provinces
- canada
(Not that important) What are 4 MS managements?
- Aerobic Ex. MUST BE GENTLE
- Muscle Tone-may use fasc/inhib. techniques
- Functional training
- ROM
What is a Free radical scavenger?
free radical binds to oxygen and neutralizes it
