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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chpt. 12 - Nervous System III > Flashcards

Chpt. 12 - Nervous System III Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

-Raw form in which sensory receptors send information to the brain

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2
Q

Perception

A

-The way the brain interprets sensory information

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3
Q

Receptors

A
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Pain receptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Proprioreceptors
  • Photoreceptors
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4
Q

Sensory Impulses

A

-Generate a graded electric current that reflects the intensity of stimulation

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5
Q

Projection

A
  • brain projects sensation back to its apparent source

- allows a person to pinpoint the region of stimulation

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6
Q

Sensory adaptation

A
  • ability to ignore unimportant stimuli

- once adaptation to a particular stimulus occurs, a sensation will occur only if the strength of the stimulus changes

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7
Q

Free nerve endings

A
  • underneath epithelial cells
  • responsible for the sensation of itching
  • can be thermoreceptors, pain receptors, mechanoreceptors
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8
Q

Tactile (meissner’s) corpuscle

A
  • underneath epithelial cells, more apical
  • abundant in hairless areas
  • fine touch
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9
Q

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle

A
  • deeper dermal tissue

- pressure, vibrations

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10
Q

Nocieptors

A
  • consists of free nerve endings that act as pain receptors

- do not undergo adaptation like other receptors

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11
Q

Referred pain

A
  • common nerve pathways coming from both skins areas and internal organs
  • ex: pain impulses from the heart seem to be conducted over the same nerve pathways as those from the skin of the left shoulder and the inside of the left upper limb
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12
Q

Proprioceptors

A
  • mechanoreceptors that send information to CNS about body position and length of tension of skeletal muscles
  • stretch receptors (muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs), lamellated corpuscles
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13
Q

Muscle spindles

A
  • stretch receptor

- detects changes in muscle length

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14
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A
  • stretch receptor

- detects changes in muscle tension

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15
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A
  • NOSE
  • chemoreceptors sensitive to chemicals dissolved in liquids
  • found underneath cribiform plates in superior nasal concha
  • bipolar neurons surrounded by columnar epithelial cells
  • hairlike cilia sensitive portions that chemicals bind to
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16
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A
  • structures that lie on either side of the crista galli of the ethmoid bone
  • olfactory sensory impulses analyzed and sent along olfactory tracts to limbic system
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17
Q

Olfactory Code

A
  • each olfactory recepttor cell has many copies of only one type of olfactory receptor protein that can bind several related odorant molecules
  • any one odorant molecule can bind several types of olfactory receptors
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18
Q

Taste buds

A
  • associates on the surface of the tongue with tiny elevations called papillae
  • on tongue, scattered on roof of mouth, cheek, walls of pharynx
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19
Q

Taste cells

A
  • taste receptor cell

- contain taste hairs in the taste pore, that are the sensitive parts of the receptor cells

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20
Q

Sense of taste

A
  • graded potential
  • derives from combination of chemicals binding specific receptor cells on hair surface
  • binding of chemicals alters membrane polarization
21
Q

5 Primary Taste Sensations

A

1) Sweet - carbohydrates
2) Sour - acids
3) Salty - salts
4) Bitter - organic compounds, inorganic salts
5) Umami - certain amino acids

22
Q

Taste Pathway

A
  • cranial nerves involved: facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

- conduct impulses into medulla oblongata and then thalamus

23
Q

Outer Ear Structures

A
  • Auricle
  • External acoustic meatus (external auditory canal)
  • tympanic membrane
24
Q

Middle Ear Structures (Tympanic cavity)

A
  • Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

- oval window

25
Q

Tympanic reflex

A
  • reflex contracts stapedius muscle, making ossicles more rigid, reducing effectiveness of transmitting vibrations
  • reduces loud sounds that might otherwise damage the hearing receptors
26
Q

Auditory tube

A
  • connects each middle ear to the throat

- passes air between tympanic cavity and outside, maintaining air pressure

27
Q

Inner Ear Structures

A
  • Labyrinth (bony, perilymph, membranous, endolymph)
  • cochlea
  • vestibule
  • semicircular canals
  • round window
28
Q

Hearing

A

1) Sound waves enter acoustic meatus
2) Waves of changing air pressure causes tympanic membrane to vibrate
3) Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) amplify vibrations
4) Vibrations pass through oval window into endolymph of labyrinth, stimulating hair receptor cells
5) Vibrations cause hair receptor cells to depolarize, Ca2+ influx, neurotransmitter release
6) Stimulates sensory neurons that conduct through vestibulocochlear CN
7) Temporal lobe interprets sensory impulses

29
Q

Spiral organ

A
  • Organ of Corti

- contains hearing receptor cells

30
Q

Hair cells

A
  • stereovilli extend into endolymph

- contact tectorial membrane which is attached to cochlea

31
Q

Static Equilibrium

A
  • Sense position of head
  • maintaining stability and posture when head and body are still
  • organ: vestibule (utricle and saccule)
32
Q

Utricle and Macula

A
  • in vestibule; static equilibriuum

- contain macula hair cells that contact gelatinous material w/ otoliths

33
Q

Gravity on Static Equilibrium

A

1) Movement tilts gelatinous mass
2) This bends the hair receptors, releasing neurotransmitters that relay signal via vestibulocochlear CN
3) Informs brain of head’s position in temporal lobe

34
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A
  • when head and body suddenly move/rotate

- organ: semicircular canal (ampulla and crista ampullaris)

35
Q

Ampulla and Crista ampullaris

A
  • in semicircular canal; dynamic equilibrium
  • ampulla: swelling at end of semicircular canal contains >
  • crista ampullaris: contains sensory hair cells
36
Q

Movement of Dynamic Equilibrium

A

1) When head/body moves, semicircular canals move but fluid inside remains stationary due to inertia
2) This bends hairs, neurotransmiter release, signaling sensory neurons
3) Brain interprets impulses via vestibulocochlear CN

37
Q

Outer Tunic of Eye Structures

A
  • cornea: transparent, focuses light rays
  • sclera: white portion of the eye, protects the eye and muscle attachment
  • optic nerve
38
Q

Middle Tunic of Eye Structures

A
  • choroid coat: contains melanocytes (dark pigments), nourishes surrounding tissues
  • ciliary body: forms ring w/ front of eye, secretes aqueous humor
  • iris: changes size of pupil, through which light passes
39
Q

Lens

A
  • held in place by suspensory ligaments, ciliary muscles allow contraction/relaxation
  • under constant tension
  • contains lens crystallins, provide transparency to lens
40
Q

Accommodation

A
  • Adjustment of the lens for close or distant vision
  • Closer: lens thicken and becomes more convex as ciliary muscle contracts
  • Distant: lens thins and becomes flatter as ciliary muscles relax
41
Q

Inner (Nervous) Tunic of Eye Structure

A
  • retina: contains photoreceptors, continuous w/ optic nerve in back of eye
  • macula lutea: yellowish spot in retina
  • Fovea centralis: center of macula lutea, produces sharpest vision, mostly cones
  • Optic disc: blind spot, no visual receptors, found by optic nerve opening
  • vitrous humor
42
Q

Rods

A
  • Photoreceptor found on retina
  • long, thin, rod-like projections
  • much more sensitive to light as multiple rods converge on shared bipolar neuron
  • provide vision in dim light/colorless vision
  • produce outlines of objects
43
Q

Cones

A
  • Photoreceptor found on retina, fovea centralis
  • Short, blunt conical-like projections
  • provide vision in bright light
  • produce sharp images
  • produce color vision
44
Q

Rhodopsin (Visual purple)

A
  • Light sensitive pigment in rods
  • In presence of light, decomposes into Opsin and Retinal
  • Hyperpolarizes membrane by closing sodium and calcium channels (which are open, inhibiting signalling), causes action potential
  • Triggers a complex series of reactions that initiates nerve impulses
  • Impulses travel along optic nerve
45
Q

In bright light…

A
  • Nearly all rhodopsin is decomposed

- Cones continue to function, therefore we see color

46
Q

In dim light…

A
  • rhodopsin regenerated faster than it is broken down

- rods continue to function, cones remain unstimulated

47
Q

Iodopsins

A
  • Light sensitive pigments in cones
  • each type of cone contains different light-sensitive pigments
  • each type of cone is sensitive to different types of wavelengths
  • color perceived depends on which type of cones are stimulated
48
Q

Visual pathway

A
  • Ganglion cells of the retina to optic nerve
  • Then optic tracts
  • Then thalamus
  • And then visual cortex in occipital lobe

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (12 decks)

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