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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chpt. 11 - Nervous System II > Flashcards

Chpt. 11 - Nervous System II Flashcards

1
Q

Meninges

A
  • Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

- protect brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Dura mater

A
  • outermost layer
  • composed of tough, white, dense connective tissue and contains many blood vessels and nerves
  • epidural space underneath
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3
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

-between dura and pia
-thin, weblike membrane w/o blood vessels
(!) -subarachnoid space underneath that contains CSF

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4
Q

Pia mater

A
  • innermost layer

- thin and contains many nerves and blood vessels

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5
Q

Ventricles

A
  • four interconnected cavities that lie in the cerebral hemisphere and brainstem
  • filled with CSF
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6
Q

CSF

A
  • cerebral spinal fluid
  • nutritive and protective
  • secreted by choroid plexuses lined in ventricles
  • contains greater concentration of sodium and lesser concentrations of glucose and potassium than other extracellular fluid
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7
Q

Forebrain, Diencephalon, Brainstem, Hindbrain

A

Forebrain: cerebrum and basal nuclei

Diencephalon: Thalamus, Pineal Gland, Hypothalamus

Brainstem: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata

Hindbrain: Cerebellum, pons, Medulla oblongata

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8
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • largest part of the brain
  • 2 cerebral hemispheres connected via corpus callosum
  • Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
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9
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • provides higher brain functions: interpreting impulses from sense organs, initiating voluntary muscular movements, storing information as memory, and retrieving this information in reasoning
  • responsible for intelligence and personality
  • thin layer of gray matter that constitutes the outermost portion of the cerebrum
  • contains about 75% of all neurons in nervous system
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10
Q

Association areas

A
  • analyze and interpret sensory experiences
  • occupy anterior portions of frontal lobe, lateral portions of parietal, temporal, occipital
  • provide memory, reasoning, verbalizing, judgement, and emotions
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11
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • motor speech area
  • allows for physical speech
  • frontal lobe
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12
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • sensory speech area
  • understanding and formulating written and spoken language
  • parietal lobe and temporal lobe
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13
Q

Frontal Lobe Function

A
  • Association: higher intellectual process (problem solving, judgement, concentration)
  • Motor: control voluntary skeleton muscles
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14
Q

Parietal Lobe Function

A
  • Sensory: provide sensations (temperature, touch, pressure, pain)
  • Association: understanding speech and using words to express thoughts
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15
Q

Temporal Lobe Function

A
  • Sensory: hearing

- Association: interpret sensory experiences, remember visual scenes, music, sensory patterns

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16
Q

Occipital Lobe Function

A
  • Sensory: vision

- Assocation: combine visual images with other sensory experiences

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17
Q

Basal nuclei/ganglia

A
  • gray matter masses deep within cerebral hemispheres

- produce dopamin

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18
Q

Diencephalon

A

-includes: Thalamus, Pineal Gland, Hypothalamus

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

-relay station for sensory impulses ascending from spinal cord

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Maintain homeostasis
  • regulates visceral activities (heart rate, body temp, water, hunger, body weight)
  • links nervous and endocrine system
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21
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • produces melatonin and makes you go sleepy sleep

- CONTAINS DMT U GONNA GET SO HIGHHHHH when u smoke this gland homie

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22
Q

Brainstem

A
  • connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord

- includes: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata

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23
Q

Midbrain

A

-reflex centers that move the head, maintains posture

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24
Q

Pons

A
  • helps regulate rate and depth of breathing

- relays impulses between medulla oblongata and cerebrum

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25
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory control centers

- conducts ascending and descending impulses between brain and spinal cord

26
Q

Reticular formation

A
  • scattered throughout brainstem in small gray matter isles

- mediates the levels of consciousness/sleep/alertness

27
Q

Limbic system

A

-controls emotional experience and expression and modifies the way a person acts
~~FEEEEEELING AND EMOTIIIIONS~~ o-o

28
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • coordinates muscle activities and maintains posture

- integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts

29
Q

Spinal cord

A
  • originates: nervous tissues leaving cranial cavity
  • ends: intervertebral disc that separates L1 and L2
  • consists of 31 segments with spinal pairs
30
Q

Functions of spinal cord

A
  • Center for spinal reflexes

- conduit for impulses to and from the brain

31
Q

Reflex

A
  • automatic responses to stimuli inside or outside body
  • maintain homeostasis by controlling involuntary processes
  • nerve pathway that begins with a sensory receptor and ends with an effector
  • includes as few as two neurons
32
Q

Reflex arc

A

-includes: (1) sensory neuron (2) integration with CNS (3) motor neuron (4) effector

33
Q

Patellar reflex

A
  • simple monosynaptic reflex that only involves two neurons: sensory neuron and motor neurons
  • when patella is struck, nuscle contracts
34
Q

Withdrawal reflex

A
  • involes sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron

- pulls foot away from painful stimuli

35
Q

crossed extensor reflex

A
  • muscles on one side contract, while muscles on other side are inhibited
  • due to interneuron pathways in spinal cord that pass sensory signals to other side
36
Q

Ascending tracts

A
  • spinal cord parts that conduct sensory information to the brain
  • involve 3 neurons between a sensory receptor and the brain (peripheral sensory neurons and two interneurons)
  • fasciculus gracilis/cuneatus
  • spinothalamic tracts
  • spinocerebellar tracts
37
Q

Fasciculus gracilis/cuneatus tract

A
  • Ascending tract
  • posterior portion of spinal cord
  • conduct sensory impulses from skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to brain
  • impulses originating from sensory receptors of left side will be read reach right side of brain, vice versa
38
Q

Spinothalamic tracts

A
  • Ascending tracts
  • sensations of pain and temperature
  • cross over in the spinal cord
39
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts

A

-coordinate muscular movements

40
Q

Descending tracts

A
  • conduct impulses from the brain to motor neurons reaching muscles and glands
  • corticospinal
  • reticulospinal
  • rubrospinal
41
Q

Corticospinal tracts

A
  • descending tracts

- conduct motor impulses associated with voluntary movement from brain to skeletal muscles

42
Q

Reticulospinal tracts

A
  • descending tracts

- conducts motor impulses maintance with muscle tone and activity of sweatglands from brain to effectors

43
Q

Rubrospinal tracts

A
  • descending tracts

- conduct motor impulses associated with muscular coordination from the brain

44
Q

Cranial nerves

A 
I Olfactory
II Optic
III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
V Trigeminal
VI Abducens
VII Facial
VIII Vestibulocochlear
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus
XI Accessory
XII Hypoglossal
45
Q

Olfactory

A
  • I, 1st

- Sensory: sense of smell

46
Q

Optic

A
  • II, 2nd

- Sensory: sense of vision

47
Q

Oculomotor

A
  • III, 3rd
  • sensory: proprioceptors
  • motor: move eye stuff
48
Q

Trochlear

A
  • IV, 4th
  • sensory: proprioceptors
  • motor: move eye
49
Q

Trigeminal

A
  • V, 5th
  • Opthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular divisions
  • motor: mastication
  • sensory: face stuff
50
Q

Abducens

A
  • VI, 6th
  • motor: move the eyes
  • sensory: some proprioceptors
51
Q

Facial

A
  • VII, 7th
  • sensory: tongue
  • motor: facial expressions, tear glands, salivary glands
52
Q

Vestibulochochlear

A
  • VIII, 8th

- sensory: equilibrium, hearing

53
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A
  • IX, 9th
  • sensory: bitter taste (posterior tongue), pharynx, tonsils
  • motor: swallowing
54
Q

Vagus

A
  • X, 10th
  • sensory: abdomen, esophagus, larynx
  • motor: speech and swallowing
55
Q

Accessory

A
  • XI, 11th

- motor: neck and back, some proprioceptor input

56
Q

Hypoglossal

A
  • XII, 12th

- motor: move tongue

57
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • part of the PNS that functions independently and continuously, w/o conscious effort
  • controls visceral activities that aid in maintaining homeostasis
  • includes Sympathetic and parasympathetic system
58
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • fight or flight response
  • pupil dilation, increased sweating, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure
  • noradrenaline and adrenaline bind adrenergic receptors
59
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
  • rest and digest system

- conserves energy by slowing heart rate, increasing intestinal and gland activity

60
Q

Preganglionic fiber

A
  • axon of autonomic neuron
  • leaves the CNS and synapses with one or more neurons that are associated with autonomic ganglion
  • originate from lateral horn of the spinal cord
61
Q

Postganglionic fiber

A
  • axon of second neuron

- extends to a visceral effector (like heart, or lungs, or booobies huehuehue)

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (12 decks)

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