Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

fall 2016 > Chp4 tissue level > Flashcards

Chp4 tissue level Flashcards

1
Q

What are tissues?

A

•collection of specialized cells and cell products that perform a limited number of functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the study of cells?

A

•histology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many types of tissue is there? And name them

A

•4

  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscular Tissue
  4. Nervous Tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where can you find Epithelial Tissue?

A

• Covering exposed surfaces, lining internal passageway and chambers, and forming glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where can you find connective tissue?

A
  • filling internal spaces,
  • provides structural support for other tissues
  • transports material w/in the body
  • storing energy (triglycerides)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where can you find Muscle Tissue?

A
  • specializes in contraction
  • skeletal muscle
  • muscle of the heart
  • muscular walls of hollow organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does Neural Tissue do?

A

•carry information in form of electrical impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does Epithelial tissue include?

A
  • epithelia

* glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Epithelia?

A
  • Layers of cells that cover internal or external organs
  • Skin, blood vessels
  • Lining digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary tracts
  • ALL PASSAGEWAY TO THE OUTSIDE WORLD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are glands?

A
  • Structures that produce fluid secretions

* either attached to or derived from epithelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is cellularity of the epithelia?

A
  • Cells bound closely together by interconnections known as cell junction.
  • in other tissue type, the cells are often widely separated by extracellular material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Polarity of the Epithelia?

A
  • epithelium has an expose surface called APICAL and an attached one named BASAL.
  • polarity refers to their difference in membrane structure & function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the attachment of the epithelia?

A

•the bounding of the base of the epithelia to a thin Basement Membrane or Basal Lamina (produced by the basal surface)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Avascularity of the Epithelia?

A
  • lacks blood vessels

* Epithelial cells obtain nutrients by diffusion or absorption either the exposed or attached epithelial surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is regeneration of the epithelia?

A
  • the exposed layer of the epithelia is constantly being replaced by stem cell division.
  • this can be found in other tissues, but at a much slower rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many and what essential functions does epithelial perform?

A

•4

  1. Provide Physical Protection
  2. Control permeability
  3. Provide sensation
  4. Produce specialized Secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does Celia in an epithelia m?

A
  • moves substances in or out of the exposed surfaces

* example: mucus from lungs to throat to be expelled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What factors maintain the integrity of epithelia?

A
  1. Intercellular connections
  2. Attachment to the basement membrane
  3. Epithelial maintenance and repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the transmembrane protein that interconnects areas of opposing plasma membranes?

A

•Cell Adhesive Molecules (CAMs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 3 most common type of cell junctions?

A
  1. Right junctions
  2. Gap junctions
  3. Desmosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is lumen?

A

•A central space w/in a duct or other internal passageway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the types of desmosomes?

A
  1. Spot desmosomes- small discs connected to bands of intermediate filament (stabilize shape of cell)
  2. Hemidesmosomes- attaches a cell to extracellular filaments in basement membrane (stabilizes the position of the epithelial cell)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

5 important characteristics of epithelia?

A
  1. Cellularity
  2. Polarity
  3. Attachment
  4. Avascularity
  5. Regeneration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is epithelia classified?

A 
1. By number of layers  
        •simple 
        •stratified 
2. By cell shape 
        •squamous 
        •cuboidal 
        •columnar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Simple squamous epithelium that lines ventral body cavity?

A

• Mesothelium (middle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Simple squamous epithelium lining the inner surface of the heart and all blood vessels?

A

• Endothelium (inside)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Keratinized epithelium important for?

A

• for tough and water resistant layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens to nonkeratinized epithelial?

A

• are resistant to abrasion, but will dry out unless kept moist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where is dimple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

•where absorption takes places, like kidney tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where does stratified cuboidal epithelial found?

A

•rare tissue, located in ducts of sweat glands and larger ducts of mammary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is rare about transitional epithelium?

A

.•it is an unlike stratified epithelium because it can stretch and recoil w/o damage
•example: the bladder when it’s full (cuboidal like) or empty (stratified squamous) of urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where can you find simple columnar epithelium?

A
  • where absorption and secretion occur such as the small intestine
  • in the stomach and large intestines it protects against chemical stresses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is pseudo stratified columnar epithelium?

A
  • found in portions of the respiratory tract
  • contains cilia and it is found in the trachea, nasal, & parts of make reproductive system
  • are not truly stratified, cells are different shapes and sizes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where can stratified columnar epithelium be found?

A
  • a rare type of tissue

* found along portions of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus and urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the types of glandular epithelia?

A
  1. Endocrine glands -release their secretion INTO the interstitial fluid
    •no ducts
  2. Exocrine glands- release their secretion into passageways called “ducts” that open onto epithelial surface
    •through ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Modes of secretion in glandular epithelium

A
  1. Merocrine secretion -most common
  2. Apocrine secretion -loss of cytoplasm
  3. Holocene secretion - cell bursts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Types of secretion in glandular epithelium

A
  1. Serous glands - watery solution that contains enzymes (salivary)
  2. Mucous glands - secretes mucins to form mucus and mucous
  3. Mixed exocrine glands - serous and mucous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A
  • connects epithelia to the rest of the body
  • bone, fat and blood provide structure, store energy and transports materials through the body
  • never exposed to the outside world
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the 3 basic components of connective tissue?

A
  1. Specialized cells
  2. Extracellular protein fibers
  3. Ground substance

•extracellular protein and ground substance constitute the MATRIX (volume)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the 3 major classification of connective tissue?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper - Loose (fat) dense (tendon)
  2. Fluid connective tissue -blood and lymph
  3. supporting connective tissue - cartilage and bone - matrix of bone is calcified
41
Q

Connective tissue proper permanent population

A
  1. Fibroblasts -always present most abundant
  2. Fibrocytes - 2nd most abundant
  3. Adipocytes- fat cells
  4. Mesenchymal-embryonic tissue, stem cells, divide rapidly in case of injury
42
Q

Connective tissue proper NON resident cells

A
  1. Macrophages-big eater, activate immune system
  2. Mast cells-small, near blood vessels (histamine)
  3. Lymphocytes- may develop into plasma cells which produce antibodies
  4. Microphages - phagocytic blood cells
43
Q

What is melanocytes?

A

•store the brown pigment names Melanin which gives tissue it’s dark color.

44
Q

What are the 3 types of fiber in connective tissue?

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Reticular fibers
  3. Elastic fibers
45
Q

What are collagen fibers?

A
  • most common fibers in connective tissue
  • long, straight and unbranched
  • tendons
46
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

•thinner than collagen, form branching, interwoven framework (Stroma) that is rough, yet flexible

47
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A
  • contain the protein elastin
  • are branches and wavy
  • after stretching, they go back to original length
48
Q

What is Elastic Ligaments important for?

A
  • Rare type of ligaments

* interconnects vertebrae

49
Q

What does histamine do?

A

• Stimulates local inflammation after an injury

50
Q

What is the Matrix?

A
  • Composed of Extracellular protein fibers and Ground Substance
  • Majority of tissue Volume
  • Determines specialized function
51
Q

What is Mesenchyme?

A
  • Embryonic connective Tissue
  • First CT that appears in a developing embryo
  • Gives rise to all other connective tissues
52
Q

How do we classify glandular epithelia?

A
  • By gland structure

* unicellular and multicellular (secretory sheet)

53
Q

Only unicellular exocrine gland?

A

•mucous (goblet) cells

54
Q

What are the 2 categories of connective tissue proper?

A

•loose and dense connective tissue

55
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A
  • called the “packing material”

* more ground substance fewer fibers

56
Q

What is loose connective tissue composed of?

A

•consists of
Areolar- open framework
Adipose- fat
Reticular- 3D Stroma found in lymph nodes and bone marrow

57
Q

What is Dense connective tissue?

A
  • often called collagenous tissue

* More fibers less ground substance

58
Q

What is dense connective tissue composed of?

A
  • Dense regular CT - parallel to each other, packed tightly
  • Dense irregular CT- interwoven meshwork
  • Elastic Tissue- composed of elastic fibers
59
Q

What is fluid connective tissue?

A

•blood and lymphs with distinctive collection cells

60
Q

What is the watery matrix in blood called?

A
  • plasma

* contains blood cells and fragments of cells called- formed elements

61
Q

What are formed elements composed of?

A
  1. White blood cells
  2. Red blood cells
  3. Platelets
62
Q

What does the extracellular fluid contain?

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Interstitial fluid
  3. Lymph
63
Q

What is supporting connective tissue?

A
  • cartilage and bone

* contains numerous of fibers and insoluble calcium salts

64
Q

What is cartilage in supporting connective tissue?

A
  • AVASCULAR
  • covered by a calcified matrix called chondroitin sulfate
  • set apart from surrounding tissues by a fibrous perichondrium
65
Q

What is the only cell type in cartilage?

A
  • chondrocyte cells

* which occupy smells chambers called lacunae

66
Q

How does cartilage grow?

A

By two mechanism
• interstitial growth- most important during development
• apposition all growth- new layers of cartilage added to the surface

•neither occur in adults

67
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage- most common, tough yet flexible
  2. Elastic cartilage- resilient and flexible, yellowish
  3. Fibrocartilage- matrix dominated by interwoven collagen fibers
68
Q

Where can you find hyaline cartilage and what does it do?

A
  • between tips of ribs and sternum , supporting larynx, forming nasal septum
  • stuff by flexible support and reduces friction
  • lacunae are bubbly, matrix clear
69
Q

Where can you find Elastic cartilage and what is its function?

A
  • auricle of external ear, epiglottis, auditory canal
  • provides supper but tolerates distortion w/o damage
  • lacunae is round, elastic fiber in matrix looks like strings
70
Q

Where can you find Fibrocartilage and what does is its function?

A
  • pads between knee joint, Pubic bones of pelvis, intervertebral discs
  • resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, limits movement
  • lacunae is round, fibrous matrix has soft strokes
71
Q

What is bone is supporting tissue?

A
  • Extensively VASCULAR
  • high oxygen demands
  • appositional growth only
  • high repair capability
  • Collagen fibers are predominant
72
Q

What does lacunae in matrix of bone contain?

A
  • Osteocytes - bone cells
  • arranged around central canals
  • canaliculi allow access to blood supply
73
Q

What are tissue membranes?

A
  • a physical barrier
  • line or cover portions of the body
  • consist of epithelium supported by connective tissue
74
Q

How many types of membrane is there and what are they?

A

•4

  1. Mucous membrane
  2. Serous membrane
  3. Cutaneous membrane
  4. Synovial membrane
75
Q

What covers bone surfaces?

A
  • periosteum

* outer fibrous layer and I bet cellular layer

76
Q

What does mucous membrane do?

A
  • line passageways and chambers that communicate with the exterior.
  • epithelial surfaces are moist to reduce friction
77
Q

What is the areolar connective tissue in mucous membrane called?

A

• Lamina propria

78
Q

What does serous membrane do?

A
  • lines cavities NOT open to the outside (thin but strong)
  • includes pleura (covering Lung) peritoneum (covers abd. Organs) pericardium (covering heart)
  • parietal portion and visceral portion (serosa)
79
Q

What is the fluid to reduce friction in serous membrane called?

A

• transudate

80
Q

What does cutaneous membrane do?

A
  • Skin
  • Thick, water proof and dry.
  • Keratinized
81
Q

What does synovial Membrane do?

A
  • articulates joint cavity
  • produce lubricant called synovial fluid
  • protects ends of bones
  • lacks true epithelium
82
Q

What is fasciae?

A
  • body’s framework of connective tissue

* Layers and wrappings that support or surround organs

83
Q

What are the three types of fasciae?

A
  1. Superficial fascia-
  2. Deep fascia-
  3. Subserous fascia
84
Q

What is superficial fascia?

A
  • Layers of areolar and adipose tissue

* Separates skin from underlying tissue

85
Q

What is deep fascia?

A
  • Dense irregular CT

* connects to capsules surrounding organs, perichondrium, periosteum, muscle tendons

86
Q

What is Subserous fascia?

A

• Areolar layer between deep fascia and serous membrane

87
Q

What does Muscle tissue do?

A
  • specializes in contraction

* produces all body movements

88
Q

How many types of muscle tissue are there and what are they?

A

•3

  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
89
Q

What is skeletal muscle tissue?

A
  • voluntary
  • striated
  • multicleated
  • can be up to a foot long
  • long cylindrical
90
Q

What is cardiac muscle tissue?

A
  • involuntary
  • striated
  • intercalated discs
  • branched
  • short
  • has cardiac “walls”
91
Q

What is smooth muscle tissue?

A
  • found in walls of hollow organs
  • involuntary
  • Non striated
  • uninucleated
92
Q

What is neural tissue?

A
  • also know as nervous tissue
  • specializes in conducting electrical Impulses
  • 98% in brain and spinal chord
93
Q

What are the two basic cells in neural tissue?

A
  • neurons- longest cells in body

* neuroglia

94
Q

What does neurons do?

A
  • receives and sends information
  • has dendrites (ears)
  • has axons (tail like- conducts information)
95
Q

What does neuroglia do?

A
  • maintain physical structure of tissues
  • Repair tissue framework
  • provides nutrients to neurons
  • regulate composition of surrounding neurons
96
Q

What are the responses to tissue injury?

A
  • inflammation

* regeneration

97
Q

Germative cells?

A

• divide continually to produce new epithelia

98
Q

Neuroglia

A

• Support, Protect and nourish nerve cell

fall 2016 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions