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fall 2016 > Chp3 cellular level > Flashcards

Chp3 cellular level Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of cells?

A
  • cytology

* part of a broader discipline of cell biology (bio, chem and phys)

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2
Q

What is Cell Theory

A

•developed by Robert Hooke

  1. Cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
  2. Form from preexisting cells
  3. smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
  4. maintains homeostasis at a cellular level
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3
Q

How many types of cells does the human body contain and which are they?

A

•2

  1. Sex cells
  2. Somatic cells
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4
Q

What are sex cells?

A
  • germ or reproductive cells
  • the sperm in males
  • oocytes in females
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5
Q

What are somatic cells?

A
  • soma=body

* all the other cells in the human body

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6
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A
  • outer boundary of cell

* also called cell membrane

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7
Q

What does plasma membrane do?

A
  • separates cell from surrounding environment

* performs various functions

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8
Q

What are the four main functions of Plasma Membrane?

A
  1. Physical isolation
  2. Regulation of exchange w/ the environment
  3. sensitivity to the environment
  4. Structural support
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9
Q

What does physical isolation do?

A

• barrier between cell interior and surrounding extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid)

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10
Q

What happens in Regulation of exchange with the environment?

A
  • ions and nutrients enter

* waste and cellular products are released

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11
Q

What does sensitivity to the environment do?

A
  • Facilitates communications
  • receives information about the cells surroundings
  • 1st part of cells affected by change in composition
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12
Q

What does structural support do?

A

• anchors cells and tissues

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13
Q

What does the Plasma membrane contain?

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Steroids
  3. Proteins
  4. Carbohydrates
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14
Q

What are membrane proteins?

A
  • proteins that are much denser than lipids

* 55% of the plasma membrane

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15
Q

What are the two structural classes of membrane proteins?

A
  1. Integral proteins

2. Peripheral proteins

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16
Q

What are integral proteins?

A
  • Part of membrane structure that can’t be removed w/o damage
  • Also called Transmembrane proteins
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17
Q

What are Peripheral proteins?

A
  • bound to the inner or outer surface of membrane

* easily separated from membrane

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18
Q

What are the functions of Membrane proteins?

A
  1. Anchoring proteins
  2. Recognition proteins (identifiers)
  3. Enzymes
  4. receptor proteins
  5. Carrier proteins
  6. Channels
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19
Q

What does anchoring proteins do?

A
  • attach plasma membrane to other structures
  • stabilize its position.
  • bound to cytoskeleton
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20
Q

What is network of supporting filaments?

A

• Cytoskeleton

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21
Q

What does identifiers do?

A
  • recognition proteins

* recognize other cells are normal or abnormal

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22
Q

What does enzymes do?

A

• Catalyze reaction in the extracellular fluid or cytosol

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23
Q

What does receptor proteins do?

A

• Bind and respond to Ligands

Ions, hormones

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24
Q

What does carrier proteins do?

A

• Transport specific substances across membrane

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25
Q

What does Channels in peripheral proteins do?

A

• Create pores for water and solute transport

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26
Q

What are membrane carbohydrates?

A
  • Make 3% of plasma membrane weight

* components of complex molecules PROTEOGLYCANS, GLYCOPROTEINS and GLYCOLIPIDS

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27
Q

What are the portions of carbohydrate that extend outside the membrane called?

A
  • Glycolaxys

* sticky sugar coat

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28
Q

What are the functions of Glycolaxys?

A
  1. Lubrication and protection
  2. Anchoring and locomotion
  3. Specificity and biding (receptor)
  4. Recognition (immune response)
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29
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A
  • all materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus

* contains more protein than the extracellular fluid

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30
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain?

A
  1. Cytosol

2. Organelles

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31
Q

What is cytosol?

A

• intracellular fluid

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32
Q

What are organelles?

A

• Internal structures that performs most of the task to keep the cell alive.

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33
Q

What are the two categories of cellular organelles?

A
  1. Nonmembranous organelles

2. Membranous organelles

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34
Q

What does the Nonmembranous organelle include?

A
  • Does not have a membrane
  • includes the Cytoskeleton,
  • microvilli,
  • Centrioles,
  • Cilia,
  • Ribosomes and
  • Proteasomes
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35
Q

What does the membranous organelles include?

A
  • has a membrane
  • include Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
  • Mitochondria
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36
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Cell’s skeleton

* Provides an Internal protein that gives cytoplasm strength and flexibility (shape)

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37
Q

What is cytoskeleton composed of?

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
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38
Q

What are microfilaments?

A
  • smallest filaments
  • build from protein ACTIN
  • generally peripherally located
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39
Q

What do microfilaments do?

A
  1. Anchor cytoskeleton to integral proteins of plasma membrane
  2. Determine the consistency of cytoplasm
  3. Actin interacts with the protein MYOSIN to produce movement
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40
Q

What does intermediate filaments do?

A
  • Mi size
  • stabilizes the position of organelles
  • anchor to surrounding cells
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41
Q

What are microtubules?

A
  • large hollow tubes
  • Built from protein Tubulin
  • Largest component of cytoskeleton
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42
Q

What does microtubules do?

A
  • Gives cell its strength
  • Its a vesicle transport
  • form spindle during Cell division
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43
Q

What are thick filaments?

A
  • Massive bundles of subunits
  • composed of person MYOSIN
  • Appear only in muscle cells
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44
Q

What is Microvilli?

A

• Small finger shaped projections

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45
Q

What does Microvilli do?

A

• Increase the surface are of the cell for absorption

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46
Q

What are centrioles?

A
  • Cylindrical structures

* Built from 9 microtubule triplets

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47
Q

What does centrioles do?

A

• form spindle apparatus during cell division

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48
Q

What is the centrosome?

A
  • Cytoplasm surrounding the centrioles

* the heart of the cytoskeletal system

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49
Q

What is cilia?

A
  • cilium for singular
  • Long, thin extensions from the cell
  • 9 PAIRS of microtubules
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50
Q

What does Cilia do?

A

• move fluids across the cell surface

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51
Q

What builds polypeptides?

A
  • Ribosomes

* Responsible for protein synthesis

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52
Q

What are the two major types of functional ribosomes?

A
  1. Free ribosomes

2. Fixed ribosomes

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53
Q

What do free ribosomes do?

A
  • scattered through the cytoplasm

* manufacture proteins for cell

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54
Q

What do Fixed ribosomes do?

A
  • attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum

* Manufacture proteins for secretion

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55
Q

What are Proteasomes?

A

• Organelles that contain an assortment of protein digesting enzymes

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56
Q

What is phospholipid bilayer?

A
  • Phospholipid molecules in the Plasma membrane that form two layers
  • forms most of surface are
  • 42% of its weight
  • hydrophilic
  • hydrophobic
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57
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

A
  • network of intracellular membranes

* connected to the nuclear envelope

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58
Q

How many and what are the major functions of ER?

A

• 4

  1. Synthesis
  2. Storage
  3. Transport
  4. Detoxification
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59
Q

What does ER synthesize?

A
  • proteins,
  • carbohydrates and
  • lipids
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60
Q

What does the ER store?

A

•synthesized molecules and materials

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61
Q

What does ER transport?

A

• materials w/in the ER

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62
Q

What does ER detoxifies?

A

• Drugs or toxins

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63
Q

What is cisternae?

A

• Long hollow tubes
• Flattened sheets
• chambers
Formed by ER

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64
Q

What is Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  • Does not have ribosomes attached to it

* synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

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65
Q

What lipids and carbohydrates does SER synthesize?

A
  • phospholipids and cholesterol (membranes)
  • steroids (reproductive system)
  • Glycerides ( liver and fat cells)
  • Glycogen ( muscles)
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66
Q

What is Rough Endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • system covered with Ribosomes

* combination of workshop and shipping warehouse

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67
Q

What does the RER do?

A
  • Active is protein and glycoprotein synthesis
  • Facilitates Polypeptide folding into correct protein structures
  • encloses products in TRANSPORT VESICLES
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68
Q

What are the 3 main functions of Golgi Apparatus?

A

• modifies and aorta protein
1. Modifies and packages secretion
•hormones or enzymes thought exocytosis

  1. Renews or modifies the Plasma membrane
  2. Packages special enzymes w/in vesicle for use in the cytoplasm
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69
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A
  • powerful digestive enzymes-containing vesicles

* eats them

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70
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A
  • degrade old organelles
  • degrade extracellular materials
  • degrade damaged cells
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71
Q

What ate Peroxisomes?

A
  • smaller than lysosomes

* enzyme-containing vesicles

72
Q

What do Peroxisomes do?

A
  • Break down fatty acids and organic compounds

* Produce hydrogen peroxide

73
Q

What is Continuous movement and exchange of membrane parts by vesicles called?

A

• Membrane flow

-allows adaptation and change

74
Q

What does the membranes are interconnected?

A

• all membranes EXCEPT for the mitochondria

(Nuclear envelope, RER, SER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, cell membrane, endosomes, lysosomes, Peroxisomes, are all i yet connected)

75
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

• organelle responsible for energy production ATP

76
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A
  • double membrane
  • inner
  • outer
77
Q

What does the inner membrane of mitochondria consist of?

A

• numerous folds called Cristae

78
Q

What does the outer membrane of mitochondria consist of?

A

• matrix

79
Q

What are the steps of ATP (energy) production of the mitochondria?

A
  1. glycolysis (in the cytoplasm)
  2. Citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)
  3. Electron transport chain
80
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A
  • aerobic metabolism

* production of ATP using oxygen

81
Q

What do Proteasomes do?

A
  • Degradative function
  • Dissemble damaged protein for recycle
  • key role in immune response
82
Q

What is the nucleus?

A
  • Largest organelle
  • Control center for cellular operations
  • Storage and retrieves information
83
Q

What does the structure of the nucleus consist of?

A
  1. Nuclear envelope
  2. Nuclear pores
  3. Nucleoli
84
Q

What does the nuclear envelope do?

A
  • Surrounds the Nucleus

* Separates it from cytosol

85
Q

What I are the Nuclear pores?

A

• Large protein where chemical communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm occur

86
Q

What is the Nucleoli?

A

• Transient nuclear organelles that synthesize ribosomal RNA

87
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

• DNA w/in the nucleus contain all the information to build and “run” the organism

88
Q

What is the fluid content of the nucleus called?

A
  • nucleoplasm

* which contains the nuclear matrix

89
Q

What are the 2 contents of the nucleus?

A
  1. Chromatin

2. Chromosomes

90
Q

What is chromatin?

A
  • in cell not dividing

* Loosely coiled DNA mad structuring proteins

91
Q

What are chromosomes?

A
  • in dividing cells

* tightly coiled DNA

92
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

• DNA w/in the nucleus contain all the information to build and “run” the organism

93
Q

What is the fluid content of the nucleus called?

A
  • nucleoplasm

* which contains the nuclear matrix

94
Q

What are the 2 contents of the nucleus?

A
  1. Chromatin

2. Chromosomes

95
Q

What is chromatin?

A
  • in cell not dividing

* Loosely coiled DNA mad structuring proteins

96
Q

What are chromosomes?

A
  • in dividing cells
  • tightly coiled DNA
  • 46 of them
97
Q

Chemical language the cells uses?

A

• Genetic code

98
Q

What does DNA control?

A
  1. Protein synthesis
  2. Cells structure
  3. Cell function
99
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

• Assembling of functional polypeptides in the cytoplasm through translation

100
Q

What does protein synthesis require?

A
  1. Gene activation
  2. Transcription
  3. Translation
101
Q

What is Gene activation?

A

• Uncoiling DNA (bounded by histone) to access information

102
Q

What is transcription?

A

• Copying information from DNA to mRNA

103
Q

Base sequence that reads “start” in transcription is?

A

• Promoter

104
Q

Base sequence that reads “stop here” in transcription is?

A

• Terminator

105
Q

What does RNA polymerase produce in transcription?

A

• messenger RNA (mRNA)

106
Q

What is “edited” during RNA processing in transcription?

A
  • Pre-mRNA

* where introns is removed and exons are spliced together

107
Q

What is translation?

A

• Interpreting information in mRNA to build polypeptide chain

108
Q

What roles do Ribosome play on translation?

A

• Reads code from mRNA in chtoplasm

109
Q

What does tRNA do in translation?

A

• delivers amino acids to ribosome according to mRNA codons.

110
Q

What happens at the end of translation?

A

• Amino acids get assembled into polypeptide chains

111
Q

Where are functional proteins produced?

A

• RER and Golgi apparatus

112
Q

What is permeability of the cell membrane?

A

• Determines what moves in and out of the cell

113
Q

What are the 3 types of permeability?

A
  1. Impermeable
  2. Freely permeable
  3. Selectively permeable
114
Q

Nothing passes through means membrane is?

A

• impermeable

115
Q

Everything passes through means membrane is?

A

• Freely permeable

116
Q

Some materials passes freely, other don’t in membrane is?

A
  • Selectively permeable

* ex. the plasma membrane

117
Q

In what bases does permeability restrict material?

A
  1. Size
  2. Electrical charge
  3. Molecular shape
  4. Lipid Solubility
118
Q

How can a membrane transport be characterized?

A
  1. By energy requirements

2. By mechanism

119
Q

What are the 2 energy requirements of member transport?

A
  1. Active- requires ATP

2. Passive- doesn’t not require energy

120
Q

What are the 3 mechanism of membrane transport?

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Carrier-mediated transport
  3. Vascular transport
121
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • Passive
  • movement of substances from area or high concentration to low
  • occurs spontaneously
122
Q

What factors influence Diffusion?

A
  1. Distance
  2. Molecule size
  3. Temperature
  4. Concentration gradient
  5. Electrical forces- opposites attract

•shorter,smaller,hotter, greater is faster

123
Q

What are the types of Diffusion

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Channel mediated (facilitated)
  3. Osmosis
124
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A
  • hydrophobic

* Moves directly across phospholipid bilayer

125
Q

What can enter through simple diffusion?

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Fatty acids
  3. Steroids
  4. C2 and CO2
126
Q

What is channel mediated diffusion?

A
  • facilitates diffusion
  • hydrophilic
  • moving through a protein across membrane
127
Q

What can enter through channel-mediated diffusion?

A
  • simple sugars
  • ions
  • bigger in size, has charge, interacts with channel protein
128
Q

What is osmosis?

A
  • Special case of diffusion
  • movement of water across membrane
  • water moves towards side with higher concentration of solutes
129
Q

What is Osmotic pressure?

A

• The force of a concentration gradient of water

130
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

• Force needed to block osmosis equal to osmotic pressure

131
Q

What is the total solute concentration in an squamous solution called?

A

• osmolarity

132
Q

What describes how a solution affects the cell?

A

• Tonicity

133
Q

What are the 3 types of Tonicity?

A
  1. Isotonic
  2. Hypotonic
  3. Hypertonic
134
Q

What is Isotonic?

A
  • same Solution in or out

* water doesn’t not flow in nor out

135
Q

What is hypotonic?

A
  • surrounding solutions has less solutes

* water flows into of cell

136
Q

What is hypertonic

A
  • surrounding solutions has more solutes

* water flows out of cell

137
Q

What can pass through CARRIER- mediated transport?

A
  • hydrophilic substances

* ions and organic substances

138
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of carrier-mediated transport?

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Saturation limits
  3. Regulation
139
Q

What is specificity?

A
  • One transport

* One substance

140
Q

What are saturation limits?

A
  • the rate

* depending on transport proteins not subtrate

141
Q

What is regulation in carrier-mediated transport?

A

• Cofactors such as hormones

142
Q

How can 2 substances move in the same direction at the same time?

A

• by Cotransport

143
Q

How can 2 substances move in the opposite direction at the same time?

A

• by Countertransport

144
Q

What requires energy?

A
  • Passive transports (aka facilitated diffusion)

* Active transport

145
Q

What is passive transport?

A
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • from high to low
  • carriers transport large molecules (glucose, amino acids)
146
Q

What is active transport??

A
  • from low to high
  • against concentration
  • require ATP
  • ion pumps
  • exchange pumps (Countertransport)
147
Q

What is Ion pump!

A
  • moves ions
  • NA+
  • K+
  • Ca2+
  • Mg2+
148
Q

How is energy provided to fuel active transport?

A
  • Primary active transport

* Secondary active transport

149
Q

What is primary active transport?

A
  • requires DIRECT input of energy
  • ATP hydrolysis
  • Sodium-potassium exchange pump
150
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A
  • requires INDIRECT input of energy
  • Potential energy stored in an ion gradient
  • sodium-glucose cotransporter
151
Q

What is vascular transport?

A
  • Bulk transport through vesicles

* Active

152
Q

Types of vesicular transport

A
  • exocytosis

* endocytosis

153
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

• Use of vesicles to transport materials Out of cell

154
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

• use of vesicle to transport materials into the cell

155
Q

What are the ways endocytosis happen?

A
  • receptor mediated
  • pinocytosis
  • phagocytosis
156
Q

How does receptor mediated work?

A
  • receptor glycoprotein bind to target molecules Ligands
  • coated vesicles
  • content of endosome are processed by cell
157
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A
  • “drinking”

* brings in extracellular fluid

158
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A
  • bring in large substances

* use of pseudopodia

159
Q

Energy stored across membrane due to separation of charges (ions)?

A
  • transmembrane potential
  • sodium high outside cell
  • potassium high inside cell
160
Q

What is resting potential?

A
  • measurement of transmembrane potential

* ranges del -10 mV to -100mV

161
Q

Where is most of cells life spent?

A

• no dividing state of interphase

162
Q

What are the 3 stages of somatic cell division?

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. Mitosis
  3. Cytokinesis
163
Q

What happens in DNA replication?

A

.• Duplicates genetic material exactly

164
Q

What happens in mitosis?

A

• Divides genetic material equally

165
Q

What happens in cytokines?

A

.• Divides cytoplasm and organelles into 2 daughter cells

166
Q

What is interphase?

A

• non dividing period

167
Q

What are the phases of interphase?

A
  1. Gzero
  2. G1
  3. S
  4. G2
168
Q

What happens in Gzero?

A

• Specialized cells functions only

169
Q

What happens in G1

A
  • cell growth
  • organelle duplication
  • protein synthesis
170
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

• DNA replication and histone synthesis

171
Q

What happens in G2?

A

• finishes protein synthesis and centriole replication

172
Q

How does DNA get replicated?

A
  1. Helicases
  2. DNA polymerase
  3. Ligases
173
Q

What does Helicase do?

A

• Unwind the DNA strands

174
Q

What happens in DNA polymerase?

A

• uses complimentary base pairing to build the new strand

175
Q

What does Ligases do?

A

• piece together sections of DNA

176
Q

What does slower miotic rate mean?

A

• longer cell life

fall 2016 (7 decks)

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