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fall 2016 > Chp3 cellular level > Flashcards

Chp3 cellular level Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the study of cells?

A
  • cytology

* part of a broader discipline of cell biology (bio, chem and phys)

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2
Q

What is Cell Theory

A

•developed by Robert Hooke

  1. Cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
  2. Form from preexisting cells
  3. smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
  4. maintains homeostasis at a cellular level
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3
Q

How many types of cells does the human body contain and which are they?

A

•2

  1. Sex cells
  2. Somatic cells
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4
Q

What are sex cells?

A
  • germ or reproductive cells
  • the sperm in males
  • oocytes in females
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5
Q

What are somatic cells?

A
  • soma=body

* all the other cells in the human body

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6
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A
  • outer boundary of cell

* also called cell membrane

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7
Q

What does plasma membrane do?

A
  • separates cell from surrounding environment

* performs various functions

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8
Q

What are the four main functions of Plasma Membrane?

A
  1. Physical isolation
  2. Regulation of exchange w/ the environment
  3. sensitivity to the environment
  4. Structural support
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9
Q

What does physical isolation do?

A

• barrier between cell interior and surrounding extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid)

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10
Q

What happens in Regulation of exchange with the environment?

A
  • ions and nutrients enter

* waste and cellular products are released

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11
Q

What does sensitivity to the environment do?

A
  • Facilitates communications
  • receives information about the cells surroundings
  • 1st part of cells affected by change in composition
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12
Q

What does structural support do?

A

• anchors cells and tissues

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13
Q

What does the Plasma membrane contain?

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Steroids
  3. Proteins
  4. Carbohydrates
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14
Q

What are membrane proteins?

A
  • proteins that are much denser than lipids

* 55% of the plasma membrane

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15
Q

What are the two structural classes of membrane proteins?

A
  1. Integral proteins

2. Peripheral proteins

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16
Q

What are integral proteins?

A
  • Part of membrane structure that can’t be removed w/o damage
  • Also called Transmembrane proteins
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17
Q

What are Peripheral proteins?

A
  • bound to the inner or outer surface of membrane

* easily separated from membrane

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18
Q

What are the functions of Membrane proteins?

A
  1. Anchoring proteins
  2. Recognition proteins (identifiers)
  3. Enzymes
  4. receptor proteins
  5. Carrier proteins
  6. Channels
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19
Q

What does anchoring proteins do?

A
  • attach plasma membrane to other structures
  • stabilize its position.
  • bound to cytoskeleton
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20
Q

What is network of supporting filaments?

A

• Cytoskeleton

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21
Q

What does identifiers do?

A
  • recognition proteins

* recognize other cells are normal or abnormal

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22
Q

What does enzymes do?

A

• Catalyze reaction in the extracellular fluid or cytosol

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23
Q

What does receptor proteins do?

A

• Bind and respond to Ligands

Ions, hormones

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24
Q

What does carrier proteins do?

A

• Transport specific substances across membrane

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25
What does Channels in peripheral proteins do?
• Create pores for water and solute transport
26
What are membrane carbohydrates?
* Make 3% of plasma membrane weight | * components of complex molecules PROTEOGLYCANS, GLYCOPROTEINS and GLYCOLIPIDS
27
What are the portions of carbohydrate that extend outside the membrane called?
* Glycolaxys | * sticky sugar coat
28
What are the functions of Glycolaxys?
1. Lubrication and protection 2. Anchoring and locomotion 3. Specificity and biding (receptor) 4. Recognition (immune response)
29
What is cytoplasm?
* all materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus | * contains more protein than the extracellular fluid
30
What does the cytoplasm contain?
1. Cytosol | 2. Organelles
31
What is cytosol?
• intracellular fluid
32
What are organelles?
• Internal structures that performs most of the task to keep the cell alive.
33
What are the two categories of cellular organelles?
1. Nonmembranous organelles | 2. Membranous organelles
34
What does the Nonmembranous organelle include?
* Does not have a membrane * includes the Cytoskeleton, * microvilli, * Centrioles, * Cilia, * Ribosomes and * Proteasomes
35
What does the membranous organelles include?
* has a membrane * include Endoplasmic Reticulum * Golgi apparatus * Lysosomes * Peroxisomes * Mitochondria
36
What is the cytoskeleton?
* Cell's skeleton | * Provides an Internal protein that gives cytoplasm strength and flexibility (shape)
37
What is cytoskeleton composed of?
1. Microfilaments 2. Intermediate filaments 3. Microtubules
38
What are microfilaments?
* smallest filaments * build from protein ACTIN * generally peripherally located
39
What do microfilaments do?
1. Anchor cytoskeleton to integral proteins of plasma membrane 2. Determine the consistency of cytoplasm 3. Actin interacts with the protein MYOSIN to produce movement
40
What does intermediate filaments do?
* Mi size * stabilizes the position of organelles * anchor to surrounding cells
41
What are microtubules?
* large hollow tubes * Built from protein Tubulin * Largest component of cytoskeleton
42
What does microtubules do?
* Gives cell its strength * Its a vesicle transport * form spindle during Cell division
43
What are thick filaments?
* Massive bundles of subunits * composed of person MYOSIN * Appear only in muscle cells
44
What is Microvilli?
• Small finger shaped projections
45
What does Microvilli do?
• Increase the surface are of the cell for absorption
46
What are centrioles?
* Cylindrical structures | * Built from 9 microtubule triplets
47
What does centrioles do?
• form spindle apparatus during cell division
48
What is the centrosome?
* Cytoplasm surrounding the centrioles | * the heart of the cytoskeletal system
49
What is cilia?
* cilium for singular * Long, thin extensions from the cell * 9 PAIRS of microtubules
50
What does Cilia do?
• move fluids across the cell surface
51
What builds polypeptides?
* Ribosomes | * Responsible for protein synthesis
52
What are the two major types of functional ribosomes?
1. Free ribosomes | 2. Fixed ribosomes
53
What do free ribosomes do?
* scattered through the cytoplasm | * manufacture proteins for cell
54
What do Fixed ribosomes do?
* attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum | * Manufacture proteins for secretion
55
What are Proteasomes?
• Organelles that contain an assortment of protein digesting enzymes
56
What is phospholipid bilayer?
* Phospholipid molecules in the Plasma membrane that form two layers * forms most of surface are * 42% of its weight * hydrophilic * hydrophobic
57
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
* network of intracellular membranes | * connected to the nuclear envelope
58
How many and what are the major functions of ER?
• 4 1. Synthesis 2. Storage 3. Transport 4. Detoxification
59
What does ER synthesize?
* proteins, * carbohydrates and * lipids
60
What does the ER store?
•synthesized molecules and materials
61
What does ER transport?
• materials w/in the ER
62
What does ER detoxifies?
• Drugs or toxins
63
What is cisternae?
• Long hollow tubes • Flattened sheets • chambers Formed by ER
64
What is Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
* Does not have ribosomes attached to it | * synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
65
What lipids and carbohydrates does SER synthesize?
* phospholipids and cholesterol (membranes) * steroids (reproductive system) * Glycerides ( liver and fat cells) * Glycogen ( muscles)
66
What is Rough Endoplasmic reticulum?
* system covered with Ribosomes | * combination of workshop and shipping warehouse
67
What does the RER do?
* Active is protein and glycoprotein synthesis * Facilitates Polypeptide folding into correct protein structures * encloses products in TRANSPORT VESICLES
68
What are the 3 main functions of Golgi Apparatus?
• modifies and aorta protein 1. Modifies and packages secretion •hormones or enzymes thought exocytosis 2. Renews or modifies the Plasma membrane 3. Packages special enzymes w/in vesicle for use in the cytoplasm
69
What are Lysosomes?
* powerful digestive enzymes-containing vesicles | * eats them
70
What do lysosomes do?
* degrade old organelles * degrade extracellular materials * degrade damaged cells
71
What ate Peroxisomes?
* smaller than lysosomes | * enzyme-containing vesicles
72
What do Peroxisomes do?
* Break down fatty acids and organic compounds | * Produce hydrogen peroxide
73
What is Continuous movement and exchange of membrane parts by vesicles called?
• Membrane flow | -allows adaptation and change
74
What does the membranes are interconnected?
• all membranes EXCEPT for the mitochondria (Nuclear envelope, RER, SER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, cell membrane, endosomes, lysosomes, Peroxisomes, are all i yet connected)
75
What is the mitochondria?
• organelle responsible for energy production ATP
76
What is the structure of the mitochondria?
* double membrane * inner * outer
77
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria consist of?
• numerous folds called Cristae
78
What does the outer membrane of mitochondria consist of?
• matrix
79
What are the steps of ATP (energy) production of the mitochondria?
1. glycolysis (in the cytoplasm) 2. Citric acid cycle (krebs cycle) 3. Electron transport chain
80
What is cellular respiration?
* aerobic metabolism | * production of ATP using oxygen
81
What do Proteasomes do?
* Degradative function * Dissemble damaged protein for recycle * key role in immune response
82
What is the nucleus?
* Largest organelle * Control center for cellular operations * Storage and retrieves information
83
What does the structure of the nucleus consist of?
1. Nuclear envelope 2. Nuclear pores 3. Nucleoli
84
What does the nuclear envelope do?
* Surrounds the Nucleus | * Separates it from cytosol
85
What I are the Nuclear pores?
• Large protein where chemical communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm occur
86
What is the Nucleoli?
• Transient nuclear organelles that synthesize ribosomal RNA
87
What is the function of the nucleus?
• DNA w/in the nucleus contain all the information to build and "run" the organism
88
What is the fluid content of the nucleus called?
* nucleoplasm | * which contains the nuclear matrix
89
What are the 2 contents of the nucleus?
1. Chromatin | 2. Chromosomes
90
What is chromatin?
* in cell not dividing | * Loosely coiled DNA mad structuring proteins
91
What are chromosomes?
* in dividing cells | * tightly coiled DNA
92
What is the function of the nucleus?
• DNA w/in the nucleus contain all the information to build and "run" the organism
93
What is the fluid content of the nucleus called?
* nucleoplasm | * which contains the nuclear matrix
94
What are the 2 contents of the nucleus?
1. Chromatin | 2. Chromosomes
95
What is chromatin?
* in cell not dividing | * Loosely coiled DNA mad structuring proteins
96
What are chromosomes?
* in dividing cells * tightly coiled DNA * 46 of them
97
Chemical language the cells uses?
• Genetic code
98
What does DNA control?
1. Protein synthesis 2. Cells structure 3. Cell function
99
What is protein synthesis?
• Assembling of functional polypeptides in the cytoplasm through translation
100
What does protein synthesis require?
1. Gene activation 2. Transcription 3. Translation
101
What is Gene activation?
• Uncoiling DNA (bounded by histone) to access information
102
What is transcription?
• Copying information from DNA to mRNA
103
Base sequence that reads "start" in transcription is?
• Promoter
104
Base sequence that reads "stop here" in transcription is?
• Terminator
105
What does RNA polymerase produce in transcription?
• messenger RNA (mRNA)
106
What is "edited" during RNA processing in transcription?
* Pre-mRNA | * where introns is removed and exons are spliced together
107
What is translation?
• Interpreting information in mRNA to build polypeptide chain
108
What roles do Ribosome play on translation?
• Reads code from mRNA in chtoplasm
109
What does tRNA do in translation?
• delivers amino acids to ribosome according to mRNA codons.
110
What happens at the end of translation?
• Amino acids get assembled into polypeptide chains
111
Where are functional proteins produced?
• RER and Golgi apparatus
112
What is permeability of the cell membrane?
• Determines what moves in and out of the cell
113
What are the 3 types of permeability?
1. Impermeable 2. Freely permeable 3. Selectively permeable
114
Nothing passes through means membrane is?
• impermeable
115
Everything passes through means membrane is?
• Freely permeable
116
Some materials passes freely, other don't in membrane is?
* Selectively permeable | * ex. the plasma membrane
117
In what bases does permeability restrict material?
1. Size 2. Electrical charge 3. Molecular shape 4. Lipid Solubility
118
How can a membrane transport be characterized?
1. By energy requirements | 2. By mechanism
119
What are the 2 energy requirements of member transport?
1. Active- requires ATP | 2. Passive- doesn't not require energy
120
What are the 3 mechanism of membrane transport?
1. Diffusion 2. Carrier-mediated transport 3. Vascular transport
121
What is diffusion?
* Passive * movement of substances from area or high concentration to low * occurs spontaneously
122
What factors influence Diffusion?
1. Distance 2. Molecule size 3. Temperature 4. Concentration gradient 5. Electrical forces- opposites attract •shorter,smaller,hotter, greater is faster
123
What are the types of Diffusion
1. Simple diffusion 2. Channel mediated (facilitated) 3. Osmosis
124
What is simple diffusion?
* hydrophobic | * Moves directly across phospholipid bilayer
125
What can enter through simple diffusion?
1. Alcohol 2. Fatty acids 3. Steroids 4. C2 and CO2
126
What is channel mediated diffusion?
* facilitates diffusion * hydrophilic * moving through a protein across membrane
127
What can enter through channel-mediated diffusion?
* simple sugars * ions * bigger in size, has charge, interacts with channel protein
128
What is osmosis?
* Special case of diffusion * movement of water across membrane * water moves towards side with higher concentration of solutes
129
What is Osmotic pressure?
• The force of a concentration gradient of water
130
What is hydrostatic pressure?
• Force needed to block osmosis equal to osmotic pressure
131
What is the total solute concentration in an squamous solution called?
• osmolarity
132
What describes how a solution affects the cell?
• Tonicity
133
What are the 3 types of Tonicity?
1. Isotonic 2. Hypotonic 2. Hypertonic
134
What is Isotonic?
* same Solution in or out | * water doesn't not flow in nor out
135
What is hypotonic?
* surrounding solutions has less solutes | * water flows into of cell
136
What is hypertonic
* surrounding solutions has more solutes | * water flows out of cell
137
What can pass through CARRIER- mediated transport?
* hydrophilic substances | * ions and organic substances
138
What are the 3 characteristics of carrier-mediated transport?
1. Specificity 2. Saturation limits 3. Regulation
139
What is specificity?
* One transport | * One substance
140
What are saturation limits?
* the rate | * depending on transport proteins not subtrate
141
What is regulation in carrier-mediated transport?
• Cofactors such as hormones
142
How can 2 substances move in the same direction at the same time?
• by Cotransport
143
How can 2 substances move in the opposite direction at the same time?
• by Countertransport
144
What requires energy?
* Passive transports (aka facilitated diffusion) | * Active transport
145
What is passive transport?
* Facilitated diffusion * from high to low * carriers transport large molecules (glucose, amino acids)
146
What is active transport??
* from low to high * against concentration * require ATP * ion pumps * exchange pumps (Countertransport)
147
What is Ion pump!
* moves ions * NA+ * K+ * Ca2+ * Mg2+
148
How is energy provided to fuel active transport?
* Primary active transport | * Secondary active transport
149
What is primary active transport?
* requires DIRECT input of energy * ATP hydrolysis * Sodium-potassium exchange pump
150
What is secondary active transport?
* requires INDIRECT input of energy * Potential energy stored in an ion gradient * sodium-glucose cotransporter
151
What is vascular transport?
* Bulk transport through vesicles | * Active
152
Types of vesicular transport
* exocytosis | * endocytosis
153
What is exocytosis?
• Use of vesicles to transport materials Out of cell
154
What is endocytosis?
• use of vesicle to transport materials into the cell
155
What are the ways endocytosis happen?
* receptor mediated * pinocytosis * phagocytosis
156
How does receptor mediated work?
* receptor glycoprotein bind to target molecules Ligands * coated vesicles * content of endosome are processed by cell
157
What is pinocytosis?
* "drinking" | * brings in extracellular fluid
158
What is phagocytosis?
* bring in large substances | * use of pseudopodia
159
Energy stored across membrane due to separation of charges (ions)?
* transmembrane potential * sodium high outside cell * potassium high inside cell
160
What is resting potential?
* measurement of transmembrane potential | * ranges del -10 mV to -100mV
161
Where is most of cells life spent?
• no dividing state of interphase
162
What are the 3 stages of somatic cell division?
1. DNA replication 2. Mitosis 3. Cytokinesis
163
What happens in DNA replication?
.• Duplicates genetic material exactly
164
What happens in mitosis?
• Divides genetic material equally
165
What happens in cytokines?
.• Divides cytoplasm and organelles into 2 daughter cells
166
What is interphase?
• non dividing period
167
What are the phases of interphase?
1. Gzero 2. G1 3. S 4. G2
168
What happens in Gzero?
• Specialized cells functions only
169
What happens in G1
* cell growth * organelle duplication * protein synthesis
170
What happens in S phase?
• DNA replication and histone synthesis
171
What happens in G2?
• finishes protein synthesis and centriole replication
172
How does DNA get replicated?
1. Helicases 2. DNA polymerase 3. Ligases
173
What does Helicase do?
• Unwind the DNA strands
174
What happens in DNA polymerase?
• uses complimentary base pairing to build the new strand
175
What does Ligases do?
• piece together sections of DNA
176
What does slower miotic rate mean?
• longer cell life

fall 2016 (7 decks)

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