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Anth 203 > Chp3️⃣ 45-71, Genetics > Flashcards

Chp3️⃣ 45-71, Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is Genetics?

A

Study of heredity

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2
Q

What are Prokaryotes?

A

Single called organisms with no nuclear membranes or organelles and with cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

Multicelled organisms that have membrane bound nucleus containing both the genetic material and specialized organelles

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4
Q

What is a Nucleus ?

A

Largest organelle in a cell

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5
Q

What is a Cell Membrane

A

Semi permeable membrane surrounding the entire cell, separating one cell from the next

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6
Q

What is a Endoplasmic reticulum ?

A

An organelle that usually surrounds the nucleus➡️plays an important role in protein synthesis

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7
Q

What is a Cytoplasm ?

A

Fluid that surrounds the cell and maintains its shape

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8
Q

What are Organelles ?

A

The specialized parts analogous to organs

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9
Q

What is a Cell?

A

The basic unit of life for all organisms

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10
Q

What is DNA ?

A

The body’s genetic code

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11
Q

What do Chromosomes do?

A

Form sequences that are templates for the production of proteins or parts of proteins in the body

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12
Q

What is a genome ?

A

Complete set of genetic material for an organism or species ➡️chromosomal and mitochondrial

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13
Q

What are Somatic cells?

A

Diploid cells that form organs, tissues, etc

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14
Q

What are Gametes ?

A

Sexual reproductive cells, Ova and Sperm, haploid number of chromosomes

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15
Q

What are Diploids ?

A

Cell that has a full complement of paired chromosomes

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16
Q

What are Haploids ?

A

Cell that has a single set on unpaired chromosomes. Half of the chromosomes in diploid

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17
Q

What is Homoplasmic ?

A

NDna (Nuclear) identical in the nucleus of each cell type except in red blood cells

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18
Q

What are the nitrogen bases ?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine , Cytosine

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19
Q

Which Nitrogen bases always pair ?

A

Adenine➡️Thymine
Guanine➡️Cytosine

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20
Q

What are Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms?

A

Single base pairings produce genetic differences between people, spread uniformly via a genome

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21
Q

What is the function of a DNA molecule ?

A

Replicaron➡️takes place in Nucleus, apart of cell division ➡️production of new Somatic cells (Mitosis) or new Gametes (Meiosis)

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22
Q

What is Mitosis ?

A

Life start as a single cell, Zygote➡️produced identical copies of itself➡️1 DNA replication➡️cell division. D.C divides to produce 2 cells, full sets of chromosomes

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23
Q

What is Meiosis ?

A

Genetic code is transmitted from P to OS via gametes. Gametes only have half the chromosomes that are in S.C. No identical copies of the P cell and DNA. 1 DNA replication➡️2 cell divisions

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24
Q

What is Adenosine triphosphate ?

A

Important cellular molecule, created by the mitochondria & carrying the energy for necessary cellular functions

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25
Q

What is Matriline?

A

DNA that can be traced from Mom to all her kids

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26
Q

What is Patriline?

A

DNA that can be traced from Dad to son via Y chromosomes

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27
Q

What is Patriline?

A

DNA that can be traced from Dad to son via Y chromosome

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28
Q

What is Prenatal development ?

A

The development of humans from fertilization to full-term infant

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29
Q

What is Recombination?

A

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

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30
Q

What are Haplotypes?

A

Groups of alleles that tend to be inherited as a unit due to closely spaced loci on a single chromosome

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31
Q

What are Haplogroups?

A

Large sets of Haplotypes ie Y chromo that may be used to define a population

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32
Q

What are Translocations

A

Rearrangements of chromo due to insertion of genetic material from 1 chromosome to another

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33
Q

What are Nondisjunctions ?

A

Chromosome pairs fail to segregate during Meiosis, creating some gametes w/ an abnormal amount of chromosomes I.e Down Syndrome

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34
Q

What is Monosomy?

A

Only 1 specific pair of chromosomes is present in the cells nucleus I.e Turner syndrome only 1 x chromo.

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35
Q

What is Trisomy ?

A

Additional chromo exists w/in a homologous pair i.e Down syndrome

36
Q

What is the Law of Independent Assortment ?

A

Mendel’s 2nd law, the inheritance of 1 trait does not affect the inheritance of other traits

37
Q

What is the exception to Mendel’s law?

A

Gene linkage, inheritance of a package of genes from the same chromosomes ie genes for hair and eye color

38
Q

What is a Gene?

A

A physical unit

39
Q

What are Aminoteids?

A

Organic molecules combined in a special sequence by the ribosomes to form a protein

40
Q

What are Essential Amino Acids?

A

Cannot be synthesized by the body; must be supplied by diet

41
Q

What are Structural proteins?

A

Proteins that form an organisms physical attributes

42
Q

What are Regulatory proteins?

A

Proteins involved in the expression of control genes ie growth of tissues

43
Q

What is Transcription?

A

1st step of protein synthesis involving the creation of messenger RNA (mRNA)

44
Q

What is Translation?

A

2nd step of protein synthesis transfer of amino acids by transfer RNA (tRNA) to the ribosomes ,added to the protein chain

45
Q

What is Ribonucleic acid?

A

Single stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis ➡️phosphate, ribose sugar, 1 of 4 nitrogen bases

46
Q

What is Uracil ?

A

1 of 4 nitrogen bases that make up RNA= Uracil+ Adenine

47
Q

Describe the process of Protein Synthesis ?

A

1.Transcription: mostly takes place in cells nucleus
2. Translation: Double strand of P DNA unzips➡️ exposed bases serve as a single template for RNA.
3. Same Nitro bases as DNA except Uracil replaces Thymine

48
Q

What are Exons?

A

Sections of DNA that code for Amino Acids

49
Q

What are Introns?

A

Section of DNA that do not code for Amino Acids

50
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Molecules responsible for making a chemical copy of a gene needed for a specific protein

51
Q

What are Ribosomes ?

A

Organelles attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum in cytoplasm of a cell the site of protein synthesis

52
Q

What are Ribosomal RNA(rna)?

A

Important structural composition of a ribosome

53
Q

What is Transfer RNA (tRNA)?

A

Molecules responsible for transferring amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

54
Q

What are Anticodons?

A

Sequences of 3 nitrogen bases carried by tRNA matched w/ complementary mRNA codons each designate a specific amino acid during protein synthesis

55
Q

What are Triplets?

A

Sequences of 3 nitro bases each in DNA known as codons in mRNA

56
Q

What are Codons?

A

Sequences of 3 nitro bases carried by mRNA that are coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis

57
Q

What are Peptide bonds?

A

Chemical bond that joins amino acid into a protein chain

58
Q

What is a Polypeptide ?

A

Known as a protein, a chain of amino acids held 2 geyser by multiple peptide bonds

59
Q

What is Coding DNA?

A

Sequences of a genes DNA aka Exons that are coded to produce a specific protein & a transcribed & translated during protein synthesis

60
Q

What is Non-coding DNA?

A

Sequence of a genes DNA aka Introns

61
Q

What are Introns?

A

Not coded to produce specific proteins & are exised b4 protein synthesis

62
Q

What is Locus?

A

Locomotion on a chromosome of a specific gene

63
Q

What is Polymorphism ?

A

Presence of 2 or more alleles at a locus, where the frequency of the alleles is greater than 1% in the population

64
Q

What are Structural genes ?

A

Responsible for body structure I.e hair, blood.

65
Q

What are Regulatory genes ?

A

Responsible for turning on & off other genes➡️essential activity in growth & development i.e LCT gene

66
Q

What are Homeotic (Hox) genes?

A

Regulatory genes that determine an org. Form and the arraignments of its tissues & organs➡️ turn on in a specific sequence➡️ leads to the accurate structure➡️ gene is same in all living organisms

67
Q

What are Polymorphism?

A

Variation in a specific gene I.e blood types, sexual dimorphism

68
Q

What are Microsatellites?

A

Form a unique DNA signature for individuals. DNA segments are often repeated for no reason. If repeated too much can lead to neurological disease

69
Q

What are Antigens ?

A

Specific proteins on the surface of cells that stimulate the immune systems antibody production

70
Q

What are Antibodies?

A

Molecules that form as the primary immune response to foreign substances, attach to foreign antigens

71
Q

What is Law of Segregation?

A

Mendel’s 1st law, 2 alleles for any given gene are inherited by each parent. During gamete production only 1 of 2 alleles will be present in each ovum or sperm

72
Q

What is Homozygous?

A

Chemically identical alleles

73
Q

What is Heterozygous?

A

Chemically different alleles

74
Q

What is Codominance?

A

2 different alleles that are equally dominant➡️ both are fully represented in a heterozygous phenotype I.e AB blood type➡️ genotype and phenotype is expressed

75
Q

Describe heterozygous genes?

A

When alleles are hetero. Dominant will be expressed in the phenotype i.e AA &AO➡️ same phenotype, recessive allele isn’t present, cannot tell genotype

76
Q

Describe homozygous genes ?

A

Each homologous chromosome must have the recessive allele➡️ will be expressed i.e OO ➡️ alleles in pair of homologous chromosomes are O

77
Q

What is Polygenic?

A

Physical and behavioral traits affected by genes at many more loci than 1 or 2. Ie Human height determined by hundred of SNPs

78
Q

What is Pleiotrophy?

A

A single gene can have multiple effects ➡️ Marfan syndrome

79
Q

What is Epigenetic?

A

Potentially heritable changes in behavior or biology but w/o altering the DNA sequence

80
Q

What is Methylation?

A

Process in which Methyl, a chemical, attached to the DNA➡️ represses or fully stops a gene

81
Q

What is a Punnett square?

A

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

82
Q

What is Random Assortment?

A

The chance distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells during meiosis

83
Q

What is Speciation?

A

The origin of a new species

84
Q

What is Crossing-over?

A

the exchange of DNA between chromosome during meiosis

85
Q

What is Punctuated Equilibrium?

A

The theory that species evolve during short periods of rapid change

Anth 203 (10 decks)

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