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Anth 203 > Chp 4, Forces of Evolution > Flashcards

Chp 4, Forces of Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Deme?

A

Local population of organisms that have similar genes, interbreed, and produce offspring

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2
Q

What is a Gene pool?

A

All the genetic information in the breeding population

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3
Q

What is Reproductive Isolation?

A

If 2 populations are reproductively isolated, then members of the 1 population cannot interbreed with members of another

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4
Q

What is a Species?

A

Population that produce viable offspring

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5
Q

What is a Microevolution?

A

Small-scale evolution i.e change in allele frequency from 1 generation to another

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6
Q

What is a Macroevolution?

A

Large-scale evolution i.e. speciation event that occurs after 100 or 1,000 of generations

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7
Q

What is Equilibrium?

A

Conditions in which the system is stable, balanced, and unchanging

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8
Q

What is Population genetics?

A

Study of changes in genetic material➡️ the change in frequency of genes

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9
Q

Who is Anthony Allison?

A

Popularized the theory of population genetics➡️ gene frequency is tied to natural selection

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10
Q

What is the Harvey-Weinberg law?

A

Mathematical model in population genetics that shows relations between frequencies of alleles & genotypes can be used to determine whether a population is going through evolutionary change

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11
Q

Genetic change is a result from____?

A

Mutation, Gene drift, Gene flow, Natural selection

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12
Q

What is a Mutation?

A

Any heritable change in the structure of genetic material➡️ absence of gene flow only source of new genetic variation w/in a population➡️ noncoding DNA doesn’t affect one’s survival, but coding may have consequences

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13
Q

What is Point mutation?

A

Replacements of a single nitrogen base with another, may or may not affect the amino acid of triplet codes

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14
Q

What is Synonymous mutation?

A

Neutral point mutation substituted nitrogen bases create a triplet coded to produce the same amino acids as original triplet

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15
Q

What is a Nonsynonymous mutation?

A

Point mutation that creates a triplet coded to produce a different amino acid from that of the original triplet i.e sickle-cell anemia

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16
Q

What is Frameshift?

A

Change in a gene➡️ insertion or deletion of 1 or more nitrogen bases➡️ triplets will rearrange & codons will be read wrong during translation

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17
Q

What are Transposable elements?

A

Mobile pieces of DNA that can copy itself into entirely new areas of the chromosomes

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18
Q

What is Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

Chromosomal trisomy➡️ males have extra X chromosomes

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19
Q

What is Spontaneous mutation?

A

Random changes in DNA that occur in cell division

20
Q

What is Induced mutation?

A

Resulting from exposure to chemical toxins or radiation usually from human activity

21
Q

What are Mutagens?

A

Toxins, etc that may induce genetic mutations

22
Q

What is Fitness?

A

The average number of offspring by parents with a particular genotype compared to the number of offspring by parents with another genotype

23
Q

What is Natural selection?

A

Individuals with advantageous traits will survive in higher numbers and produce more offspring

24
Q

What is Direct selection?

A

Selection for 1 allele over the other➡️ shift in 1 direction

25
Q

What is Stabilizing selection?

A

Selection against extrems of the phenotypic distributions ➡️ decreasing genetic diversity of this trait for population

26
Q

What is Disruptive selection?

A

Selection for both extremes of the phenotype distributions➡️ may lead to a speciation event

27
Q

What is Melanic?

A

High concentration of melanin

28
Q

What is Positive selection?

A

Process in which beneficial genetic variations quickly increase in frequency in a population

29
Q

What is Sickle-cell anemia?

A

Genetic blood disease➡️ red blood cells become sickly➡️decreasing their ability to carry oxygen to tissues

30
Q

What is Hemolytic anemia?

A

Conditions of insufficient iron in the blood➡️ destruction of red blood cells b/c of genetic blood diseases

31
Q

What is Abnormal hemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin altered ➡️ less efficient in binding carrying oxygen

32
Q

What are Capillaries?

A

Narrow blood vessels that from network via the tissues

33
Q

What are Balanced polymorphisms?

A

Selection maintains 2 or more phenotypes for a specific gene in a population

34
Q

What is Anthropogenic?

A

Any effect caused by humans

35
Q

What is Thalassemia?

A

Genetic blood disease➡️hemoglobin is improperly synthesized causing the red bl. Cells have a shorter lifespan

36
Q

What is G6PD?

A

Enzyme that aids in the paper functioning of red blood cells; its deficiency, a genetic condition➡️ hemolytic anemia

37
Q

What is Endogamous?

A

Pop. In which individuals breed only with other members of the pop.

38
Q

What is Exogamous?

A

Pop. In which individuals breed with nonmembers of their pop.

39
Q

What is the Founder effect?

A

Form of genetic drift➡️ small group of a large parent pop. Migrates to a new region that is reproductively isolated

40
Q

What is Huntington’s chorea?

A

➡️ Rare genetic disease caused by an autosomal dominant gene➡️symptoms often appearing btwn ages 30 & 50

41
Q

What is Admixture?

A

Exchange of genetic material btw. 2 or more pop.

42
Q

What is Demic diffusion?

A

Pop. Movement into an area previously uninhabited by that group

43
Q

What is Homology ?

A

Similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor

44
Q

What is Homoplasy?

A

a shared character between two or more animals that did not arise from a common ancestor

45
Q

What is Anagenesis?

A

the progressive evolutionary changes that take place over time in a single genetic lineage without branching off, gradual evolution

46
Q

What is Cladogenesis?

A

in which a lineage splits into two or more separate lines

Anth 203 (10 decks)

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