Chp 6 Primates Flashcards
What is Arboreal adaption?
adaptation to life in the trees
What is Dietary plasticity?
Organisms ability to adapt its diet to a wide range of foods
What is Parental investment?
Time and energy parents expend for their offsprings benefit
What is Opposable?
The thumb of primates can touch each of the 4 fingertips enabling a grasping ability
What is Power grip?
Fistlike grip ➡️ fingers and thumbs wrap around an object in opposite directions
What is Precision grip?
The tips of the fingers and thumbs come together, enabling fine manipulation
What is Preadaptation?
Organism’s use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the features original function
What is Nocturnal?
Organisms that are awake and active during the night
What is Dinaural?
Organisms that awake and active during the day
What is Rhinarium?
Naked surface around the nostrils typically wet in mammals
What is a Dental formula?
Numerical description of a species’ teeth
What is a Loph?
An enamel ridge connecting cusps on a tooth surface
What is Bilophodont?
Lower molars in Old world monkeys that have 2 ridges
What is Y-5?
Hominoids patron of lower molar cusps
What are Tooth combs?
Anterior teeth ➡️ titled forward creating a scraper
What is Canine-premolar honing complex?
Dental form➡️ upper canines are sharpened against the lower 3rd premolars when jaws open and close
What is a Diastema?
Space between 2 teeth
What is a Sectorial?
A Premolar adapted for cutting
What is a Thick enamel?
Adaptation to eating tough foods
What is an Olfactory bulb?
Areas of the brain associated with smell
What is a Grade?
Group of organsims sharing the same complexity and level of evolution
What is a Clade?
Group of organsims that evolved from a common ancestor
What are Primitive traits?
Present in multiple species of a group
What are Derived traits?
Present in only 1 or a few species of a group
What is Phylogeny?
Evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms
What is a Prehensile tail
Tail that acts as a kind of hand support in trees➡️ New world monkeys
What is the Traditional classification system?
Separate order of primates into 2 suborders: Promsimilli (lower) & Anthropoidea (higher), w/o consideration to ancestral/descendant relationships
What is the Cladistic classification system?
Uses anatomical & genetic evidence to create ancestral/descendant relationships that link clades
What are Cladistic order of Primates?
Strepsirhini & Haplorhini
What are Strepsirhinies?
Retained primitive characteristics, Lorises, Lemurs, Galagos
What are Haplorhinies?
Lost primitive characteristics, Higher primates, New world➡️ Platyrrhines,flat nosed prehensile tails, nostrils are round and separated by the septum, 6 lower and upper premolars& Catarrhines➡️ downward nose, Old world, enclosed nostrils, 4 upper and lower nostrils
What are the 2 clades of Haplorhinies?
Anthropoids & Tarsiers
What are the 2 clades of Anthropoids?
Catarrhines, older world higher primates i.e gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans vs Platyrrhines new world higher primates i.e. monkeys, apes, humans
What are Tarsiers?
Primates that retained Primitive characteristics
What are the Traditional classifications of primates?
Hylobatids (gibbons), Pongids (Great apes), Hominids
What are the Cladisitc classifications of primates?
2 families; hylobatids, hominids (great apes +humans), 3 sub families➡️ pongines( orangutans) gorillines (gorillas) hominies (chimps, bonobos, humans)
What is a Taxa?
any unit used in taxonomy
Which primates are apart of the superfamily of Platyrrhines?
Ceboids➡️ Cebids & Atelids,
Which primates are a part of the Atelids family?
Howler monkeys, Spider monkeys, Wolly monkeys, Wolly Spider monkeys
Which primates are a part of the Cebids family?
Squirrel monkeys, capuchins
What are the 2 subfamilies of Cercopithecoids?
Colobines & Cercopithecines, arboreal or terrestrial, biolphodont upper and lower molars, nonprehensile tails
Characteristics of Colobines?
Arboreal, do not live in dry climates, large 3-4 chambered stomachs, high pointed cusps of molars
Characteristics of Cercopirthecines?
Rounded lower cusps on molars➡️ inside each cheek a pouch that extends into neck ➡️ serves as a stomach
What is Brachiation?
Arboreal locomotion➡️ movement is accomplished by swinging from one arm to the next
What is Primatology?
Study of human primates➡️ closet living relatives of human beings
What is Paeloanthropology?
Study of the history of human evolution via the fossil record
What is Primate order?
Grouping of primates into specific subgroups depending on traits and characteristics
What are Lemurs?
Prosimian ➡️island of Madagascar➡️retained primitive traits, Strepsirhine, Rhinarium, nocturnal
What is a Prosimian?
Suborder of primates that are biologically primitive compared to Anthropoids
What is a Tarsier ?
Promsimian➡️Indonesia➡️nocturnal➡️ Haplorhinini, lack tooth comb,lack wet nose
What is a Cercopithecoid?
Old world monkeys➡️largest primate family, baboons, red colobus➡️ bilophodont➡️narrow nose➡️,narrow pelvis, smaller brains, hnonprehensile tail, quadrupedal
What is a Hominid?
Family within the hominoid➡️humans, great apes
What is a Hominin?
Humans, great apes, bipdeal, smaller canines, larger brains, communication, tool use,➡️ family➡️Hominidae
What are Chimpanzees?
Pan troglodytes➡️Closely related to humans, of the ape species, flat noses(platyrrhines)➡️, hominin, 2.1.2.3 old world dental formula➡️omnivores➡️long pelvises, quadrpudeal➡️ no tail, suspensory posture
What are Bonobos?
Pan Paniscus➡️ Cattarhine,➡️from the family Hominidae➡️Anthropoid➡️ old world monkey➡️enclosed nostril, Arboreal, and terrestrial➡️ downward nose➡️ of the ape species, ➡️suspensory posture➡️knuckle-walking
What is Binocular Stereoscopic?
overlapping fields of vision with both sides of the brain receiving images from both eyes➡️ depth perception
What is Postorbital bar?
A bony enclosure around the eye sockets➡️ strepsirhinies➡️ haloplorhinies have the full postorbital plate
What is Quadrupedalism?
Form of locomotion where four arms bear all the weight and move around
Where are primates found?
Africa, South America, Southeast Asia
What is Behavioral Ecology?
The study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior
What is Alloparenting?
Shared caring and provisioning of the young by other group members
What Social Sex?
intercourse used in other ways rather than by means of reproduction
What is violence?
behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something.
What is Cenozoic?
The third and most recent geological era of the phanerozoic eon dating to the last 65.5 Ma. Primate and Human evolution occurred during this era
What is Relative dating?
Method of determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock
What is Stratigraphy?
the study of rock layers and the sequence of events they reflect
What is Numerical dating?
Dating methods based on laboratory techniques that assign age in years to material evidence
What is Potassium-Argon dating?
a method of dating rocks from the relative proportions of radioactive potassium-40 and its decay product, argon-40.
What’re Promo-primates?
The first primate-like mammal. Not a primate nor prosimian.
What is General primate evolution?
The study of the evolutionary history of primates, including their origins, diversification, and adaptation to various environments.
What is Carpolestes simpsoni?
A species of primate-like mammal that had some derived primate traits, such as a grasping foot and an opposable big toe. This species is intermediate in many respects between primitive primate-like mammals and true primates.
