Chp.2 - Basic Exercise Science - Muscular&Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the structure of the SKELETAL MUSCLE.

A
  • muscle fibers in muscle fibers.
  • the WHOLE muscle is wrapped by the fascia and the EPIMYSIUM
  • bundle of muscle fibers(fascicle) inside the muscle is wrapped by the PERIMYSIUM
  • fascicles individual muscle fibers are wrapped by ENDOMYSIUM.
  • -> epi, peri, endo
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2
Q

What are tendons?

A
  • CONNECTIVE TISSUE that attaches MUSCLE to BONE, and provides ANCHOR for muscles to produce FORCE.
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3
Q

Explain what MUSCLE FIBERS are.

A
  • muscle fibers are cells that have structures called MYOFIBRILS that provide the contractile component.
    The myofibrils are made up of SARCOMERES.
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4
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A
  • functional UNIT of the muscle (e.g. neuron is to NS); produces muscle CONTRACTION and consists of REPEATING sections of ACTIN(thin) and MYOSIN(thick filaments)
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5
Q

Explain the NEURAL ACTIVATION of muscles.

A
  • skeletal muscles won’t contract unless stimulated to do so by MOTOR NEURONS. At the neuromuscular junction, neurotransmitters are released and link with receptor sites on the muscle fiber.
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6
Q

Explain the different MUSCLE FIBER TYPES.

A
  • slow twitch: smaller, more resistant to fatigue, more mitochondria, for long term contractions “red fibers”
  • fast twitch: larger, tires out more easily, quick to produce maximal tension e.g. sprint
  • ALL muscles have a COMBINATION of SLOW and FAST twitch fibers.
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7
Q

Talk about the primary ENDOCRINE GLANDS (4)

A
  • pituitary and hypothalamus (located in brain; “master glands”)
  • adrenal and thyroid
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8
Q

Talk about the relationship between exercise and INSULIN and GLUCAGON.

A
  • (note: insulin and glucagon regulated blood glucose levels and are produced by pancreas)
  • note: glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle
  • insulin levels drop during physical activity and glucagon secretion increase in order to maintain steady supply of blood glucose.
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9
Q

Talk about the relationship between exercise and the adrenal, pituitary, reproductive and thyroid hormones.

A
  • epinephrine & norepinephrine: increases heart rate, blood glucose levels, opens airways…
  • (adrenal)cortisol: muscle breakdown, stress
  • raised level of testosterone: +growth and repair of tissue
  • estrogen: fat deposition around hips, buttocks, thighs
  • (pit.)growth hormone: increases fat burning, strengthens immune
  • thyroid hormones: metabolism, body temp, protein synthesis…
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10
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A
  • the endocrine system consists of GLANDS, HORMONES and RECEPTOR CELLS.
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11
Q

What is muscle connective tissue important?

A
  • plays a VITAL role in movement, TRANSMIT the FORCE from muscle CONTRACTION to bones, helps form the TENDON.
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12
Q

What is a motor unit?

A
  • 1 motor neuron + muscle fibers it connects
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13
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used by the neuromuscular system?

A
  • aceltylcholine (ACh)
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14
Q

Types of muscles (as movers)? (4)

A
  • agonist muscles - prime movers
  • synergist muscles - assist prime movers
  • stabilizer muscles
  • antagonist muscles - perform opposite action of prime mover.
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15
Q

What is the primary energy source during vigorous exercise?

A
  • carbohydrates (spec. glucose)
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