chp 7

Question 1

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 1

Loss of memory prior to the incident that caused amnesia

Question 2

Memory

Answer 2

The ability to store and later retrieve information about past events.

Question 3

Information Processing Approach

Answer 3

An approach to cognition that emphasizes the fundamental mental processes involved in attention, perception, memory, and decision making.

Question 4

Sensory register

Answer 4

The first memory store in information processing in which stimuli are noticed and are briefly available for further processing. (the 5 senses)

Question 5

Short term memory

Answer 5

The memory store in which limited amounts of information are temporarily held; called working memory when its active quality is being emphasized.

Question 6

Long term memory

Answer 6

Memory store in which information that has been examined and interpreted is stored relatively permanently.

Question 7

Encode

Answer 7

The first step in learning and remembering something, it is the process of getting information into the information processing system, or learning it.

Question 8

Consolidation (in information processing)

Answer 8

The processing and organizing of information into a form suitable for long-term storage.

Question 9

Storage (In information processing)

Answer 9

The holding of information in the long-term memory store.

Question 10

Retrieval

Answer 10

The process of retrieving information from long-term memory when it is needed.

Question 11

Recognition memory

Answer 11

Identifying an object or event as one that has been experienced before, such as when a person must select the correct answer from several options.

Question 12

Recall memory

Answer 12

Recollecting or actively retrieving objects, events, and experiences when examples or cues are not provided.

Question 13

Cued recall memory

Answer 13

Recollecting objects, events, or experiences in response to a hint or cue.

Question 14

Working memory

Answer 14

A memory store, often referred to as a mental “scratch pad,” that temporarily holds information when it is being actively operated upon or in one’s consciousness.

Question 15

Central executive

Answer 15

Mechanism that directs attention and controls the flow of information in the working memory system.

Question 16

Implicit memory

Answer 16

Memory that occurs unintentionally and without consciousness or awareness

Question 17

Explicit memory

Answer 17

Memory that involves consciously recollecting the past.

Question 18

Semantic memory

Answer 18

A type of explicit memory consisting of general facts.

Question 19

Episodic memory

Answer 19

A type of explicit memory consisting of specific episodes that one has experienced.

Question 20

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 20

An inability to form new memories of recent experiences.

Question 21

Statistical learning

Answer 21

Detecting patterns or regularities in the world around us in order to learn about the world and make predictions about what to expect.

Question 22

Deferred imitation

Answer 22

The ability to imitate a novel act after a delay.

Question 23

Autobiographical memory

Answer 23

Memory of everyday events that the individual has experienced.

Question 24

Childhood amnesia

Answer 24

A lack of memory for the early years of a person’s life.

Question 25

Fuzzy Trace Theory

Answer 25

The view that verbatim and general or gistlike accounts of an event are stored separately in memory.

Question 26

Peseveration error

Answer 26

Mistake made when an information processor continues to use the same strategy that was successful in the past over and over despite the strategy’s lack of success in the current situation.

Question 27

Rehearsal

Answer 27

A strategy for remembering that involves repeating the items the person is trying to retain.

Question 28

Elaboration

Answer 28

A strategy for remembering that involves adding something to or creating meaningful links between the bits of information the person is trying to retain.

Question 29

Metamemory

Answer 29

A person’s knowledge about memory and about monitoring and regulating memory processes.

Question 30

Metacognition

Answer 30

Knowledge of the human mind and of the range of cognitive processes, including thinking about personal thought processes.

Question 31

Knowledge base

Answer 31

A person’s existing information about a content area, significant for its influence on how well that individual can learn and remember.

Question 32

Script

Answer 32

A mental representation of a typical sequence of actions related to an event that is created in memory and that then guides future behaviors in similar settings.

Question 33

General event representation

Answer 33

Representations that people create over time of the typical sequence of actions related to an event; also called scripts.

Question 34

Eyewitness memory

Answer 34

Remembering and reporting events the person has witnessed or experienced.

Question 35

Adaptive strategy choice model

Answer 35

In Siegler’s theory, the ability to select one or more available strategies based on the nature of the task and one’s own motivation and comfort level with the task and the strategies.

Question 36

Mild cognitive impairment

Answer 36

A level of memory loss between normal loss with age and pathological loss from disease.

Question 37

Reminiscence bump

Answer 37

Tendency for older adults to recall more information from their teens and 20s than from any other time except the near present.

Question 38

Life script

Answer 38

The story an individual constructs about his or her life story and tells over and over again.

Question 39

Constraint seeking questions

Answer 39

In the Twenty Questions task and similar hypothesis-testing tasks, questions that rule out more than one answer to narrow the field of possible choices rather than asking about only one hypothesis at a time.

Question 40

Selective optimization with compensation

Answer 40

The concept that older people cope with aging through a strategy that involves focusing on the skills most needed, practicing those skills, and developing ways to avoid the need for declining skills.