Chp 12 Flashcards
Social Cognition
Thinking about the thoughts, feelings, motives, and behavior of the self and other people.
False-belief task
The understanding that people can hold incorrect beliefs and be influenced by them.
Theory of Mind
The understanding that people have mental states (feelings, desires, beliefs, intentions) and that these states underlie and help explain their behavior.
Desire Psychology
The earliest theory of mind; an understanding that desires guide behavior (e.g., that people seek things they like and avoid things they hate).
Belief-Desire Psychology
The theory of mind reflecting an understanding that people’s desires and beliefs guide their behavior and that their beliefs are not always an accurate reflection of reality; evident by age 4.
Mirror Neurons
Neural cells in several brain areas that are activated not only when we perform an action but also when we observe someone else performing it. Implicated in imitation, theory-of-mind skills, empathy, and language.
Perspective-taking skills
The ability to assume other people’s perspectives and understand their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors; roletaking skills.
Morality
The ability to distinguish right from wrong, to act on this distinction, and to experience pride when doing something right and to experience guilt or shame when doing something wrong. Morality has emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components.
Moral Reasoning
The cognitive component of morality; the thinking that occurs when people decide whether acts are right or wrong.
Preconventional Morality
Kohlberg’s term for the first two stages of moral reasoning, in which society’s rules are not yet internalized and judgments are based on the punishing or rewarding consequences of an act.
Conventional Morality
Kohlberg’s term for the third and fourth stages of moral reasoning in which societal values are internalized and judgments are based on a desire to gain approval or uphold law and social order.
Postconventional Morality
Kohlberg’s term for the fifth and sixth stages of moral reasoning, in which moral judgments are based on a more abstract understanding of democratic social contracts or on universal principles of justice that have validity apart from the views of particular authority figures.
Empathy
The vicarious experiencing of another person’s feelings.
Prosocial Behavior
Positive actions toward other people such as helping and cooperating.
Antisocial Behavior
Behavior that violates social norms, rules, or laws and harms others or society (e.g., lying, stealing, behaving aggressively).
Moral Disengagement
According to Bandura, the ability to avoid self-condemnation when engaged in immoral behavior by justifying, minimizing, or blaming others for one’s actions.
Amoral
Lacking any sense of morality; without standards of right and wrong.
Mutually Responsive Orientation
A close, affectively positive, and cooperative relationship in which child and parent are attached to each other and are sensitive to each other’s needs; a contributor to moral development.
Moral Rules
Standards of conduct that focus on the basic rights and privileges of individuals.
Social-Conventional Rules
Standards of conduct determined by social consensus that indicate what is appropriate within a particular social setting.
Delay of Gratification
The willingness to give up a reward now for a more desirable reward later; related to self-control.
Proactive Parenting Strategies
Parenting tactics that prevent misbehavior and therefore reduce the need for discipline (e.g., teaching values, removing temptations)
Love Withdrawal
A form of discipline that involves withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves
Power Assertion
A form of discipline that involves the use of superior power to administer spankings, withhold privileges, and so on.
Induction
A form of discipline that involves explaining why a child’s behavior is wrong and should be changed by emphasizing its effects on other people.
Moral Identity
Viewing being caring, fair, honest, and otherwise moral as a central aspect of who you are.
Juvenile Delinquency
Lawbreaking by a minor.
Callous-Unemotional Traits
In children, a lack of empathy for others, absence of remorse or guilt, and shallow or blunted emotions that are sometimes a forerunner of conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder.
Conduct Disorder
A persistent pattern of behavior in which a child or adolescent violates the rights of others or age-appropriate societal norms, as through fighting, bullying, and cruelty.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A psychological disorder with origins in childhood in which the individual disregards and violates the rights of others with no remorse.
Social Information Processing Model of Aggression
Dodge’s model of the steps in information processing involved when an individual is provoked and decides whether or not to react aggressively.
Hostile Attribution Bias
The tendency of aggressive individuals to attribute hostile intentions to others, assuming that any harm to them was deliberate rather than accidental.
Coercive Cycle
When parents increasingly lose control over their children’s behavior as both parent and child rely more and more on coercive tactics to avoid or escape unpleasant encounters.
Bullying
Repeatedly inflicting harm through words or actions on weaker peers who cannot or do not defend themselves.
Social and Emotional Learning (SEL)
Programs that aim to strengthen in students at all levels qualities such as understanding and managing emotions, setting and achieving goals, showing empathy, maintaining positive social relationships, and making responsible decisions.
Dual-Process Model of Morality
The view that both deliberate thought and more automatic emotion-based intuitions can inform decisions about moral issues and motivate behavior.
Religiosity
Sharing the beliefs and participating in the practices of an organized religion.
Spirituality
A search for ultimate meaning in life that may or may not be carried out in the context of religion.
