Chp 11

Question 1

Biological Sex

Answer 1

The physical characteristics that define male and female.

Question 2

Gender

Answer 2

A combination of all those features that a society associates with or considers appropriate for being a man and a woman.

Question 3

Gender Role

Answer 3

A pattern of behaviors and traits that defines how to act the part of a female or a male in a particular society.

Question 4

Gender Stereotypes

Answer 4

Overgeneralized and largely inaccurate beliefs about what males and females are like.

Question 5

Communality

Answer 5

An orientation that emphasizes the well-being of others and includes traits of emotionality and sensitivity to others; considered feminine.

Question 6

Agency

Answer 6

An orientation toward individual action and achievement that emphasizes traits of dominance, independence, assertiveness, and competitiveness; considered masculine.

Question 7

Gender Identity

Answer 7

Individuals’ basic awareness that they are either a male or a female.

Question 8

Cisgender

Answer 8

Individuals whose internal sense of gender matches the sex they were assigned at birth as male or female.

Question 9

Transgender

Answer 9

Pertaining to individuals who identify with a gender other than their biological one.

Question 10

Nonbinary

Answer 10

Individuals whose gender identity does not neatly fit into one of the two categories of gender (male, female) that most societies have prescribed.

Question 11

Gender Similarities Hypothesis

Answer 11

The hypothesis that males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables.

Question 12

Social-Role Theory

Answer 12

Eagly’s view that gender role stereotypes are created and maintained by differences in the roles that men and women play in society rather than being inherent in males and females.

Question 13

Gender Typing

Answer 13

The process by which children become aware of their gender and acquire the motives, values, and behaviors considered appropriate for members of their biological sex.

Question 14

Gender Segregation

Answer 14

The formation of separate boys’ and girls’ peer groups during childhood.

Question 15

Biosocial Theory

Answer 15

Money and Ehrhardt’s theory of gender-role development that focuses on how biological events influence the development of boys and girls and how early biological developments influence how society reacts to children.

Question 16

Androgenized Female

Answer 16

A genetic female who was exposed to male sex hormones during the prenatal period and therefore developed malelike external genitals and some masculine behaviors.

Question 17

Gender Constancy

Answer 17

A solid understanding of oneself as male–female, man–woman, over time and across situations.

Question 18

Gender Stability

Answer 18

The stage of gender typing in which children realize that their sex remains the same over time.

Question 19

Gender Consistency

Answer 19

The stage of gender typing in which children realize that their sex is stable across situations or despite changes in activities or appearance.

Question 20

Gender Schema

Answer 20

Organized sets of beliefs and expectations about males and females that guide information processing.

Question 21

PTSD

Answer 21

A psychological disorder involving flashbacks to traumatizing events, nightmares, and feelings of helplessness and anxiety in the face of danger experienced by victims of extreme trauma such as soldiers in combat and children who are sexually abused.

Question 22

Gender Intensification

Answer 22

A magnification of differences between males and females during adolescence associated with increased pressure to conform to traditional gender roles.

Question 23

Sexual Orientation

Answer 23

A person’s preference for sexual partners of the same or other sex, often characterized as primarily heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual.

Question 24

Childhood Gender Nonconformity

Answer 24

Lack of adherence as a child to the typical gender-role norms for members of one’s assigned gender group.

Question 25

Hookup

Answer 25

A sexual encounter between two people who have often just met and have little expectation of forming a romantic relationship.

Question 26

Double Standard

Answer 26

The view that sexual behavior appropriate for members of one gender is inappropriate for members of the other.

Question 27

Sexual Assault

Answer 27

Unwanted and nonconsensual sexual contact or behavior ranging from unwanted touching to rape.

Question 28

Parental Imperative

Answer 28

The notion that the demands of parenthood cause men and women to adopt distinct roles and psychological traits.

Question 29

Androgyny

Answer 29

A gender–role orientation in which the person blends both positive masculine-stereotyped and positive femininestereotyped personality traits.