Chp 3 - Research Flashcards

1
Q

define DEDUCTIVE REASONING

A

specific research question leading to general/universal principle

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2
Q

define INDUCTIVE REASONING

A

specific observation leading to general conclusion

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3
Q

define LITERATURE REVIEW

A

reviewing existing studies of subject

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4
Q

define REPLICATION STUDY

A

repeated research but on different group/time/place

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5
Q

define HAWTHORNE EFECT

A

those who know they are being studied will behave differently

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6
Q

define RESEARCH DESIGN

A

overall logic and strategy underlying research projects

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7
Q

define QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

A

interpretation and nuance of actions or observations

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8
Q

define QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

A

numerical analysis

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9
Q

define VARIABLE

A

characteristic of person/group that can have more than 1 value/score

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10
Q

define CONCEPT

A

abstract characteristic/attribute that can be measured

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11
Q

define INDICATORS

A

variables studied pointing to/reflecting abstract concepts

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12
Q

give examples of variables

A

age, income, social class, degree of prejudice

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13
Q

give examples of indicators

A

social class and power

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14
Q

define PRIMARY DATA

A

original data collected by researchers

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15
Q

give examples of primary data

A
  • questionnaire/survey results
  • observation notes
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16
Q

define SECONDARY DATA

A

data collected by another party

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17
Q

give examples of secondary data

A
  • national census
  • national poll data
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18
Q

define DATA ANALYSIS

A

organizing data to discover patterns and uniformities

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19
Q

define SERENDIPITY

A

unexpected findings

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20
Q

define GENERALIZATIONS

A

ability to draw conclusions from specific data and apply to population

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21
Q

define SAMPLE

A

any subset of population

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22
Q

define RANDOM SAMPLE

A

random subset of population

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23
Q

define POPULATION

A

relatively large collection of people that is studied and which generations are made

24
Q

define RETURN RATE

A

percent of questionnaires returned

25
Q

a low return rate can indicate what

A

possible bias

26
Q

define SECONDARY ANALYSIS

A

analysis of secondary data

27
Q

list of research methods/designs

A
  • surveys/questionnaires/polls/interviews
  • non-participant/participant observations
  • controlled experiments
  • historical research
  • content analysis
  • evaluation research
28
Q

what are the benefits of surveys/questionnaires/interviews/polls

A
  • study many variables
  • results can be generalized if accurate
29
Q

what are the cons of surveys/questionnaires/interviews/polls

A
  • difficult to focus on few variables
  • difficult to measure subtle nuances in attitudes
30
Q

what are the pros of participant and non-participant observation

A
  • study behavior in natural setting
  • study in depth
31
Q

what are the cons of participant and non-participant observation

A
  • time consuming
  • difficult to generalize
32
Q

what are the benefits of controlled experiments

A
  • focus on 2-3 variables
  • able to study causation
33
Q

what are the cons of controlled experiments

A
  • can only study few variables
  • potential artificial quality
34
Q

what are the pros of content analysis

A
  • study cultural change/aspects
  • determines how groups are perceived at the time
35
Q

what are the cons of content analysis

A

studies products not attitudes

36
Q

what are the pros of historical research

A
  • save time and expense w/data collection
  • takes differences over time into account
37
Q

what are the cons of historical research

A
  • data reflects biases of original researcher
  • reflects cultural norms when data was collected
38
Q

what are the cons of evaluation research

A
  • hard to focus deeply on few variables
  • hard to measure subtle nuances in attitudes
39
Q

what questions does evaluation research ask?

A
  • what is the current situation?
  • who are the stakeholders?
  • what are the future goals?
  • what are the resources available?
40
Q

define PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

A

research is both participant and observer

41
Q

define COVERT PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

A

group doesn’t know they are being studied

42
Q

define OVERT PARTICPANT OBSERVATION

A

group knows they are being studied

43
Q

define INFORMANT

A

person “in the know” and assisting the participant observer

44
Q

define CONTENT ANALYSIS

A

examine cultural artifacts of written/spoken/seen/heard experiences

45
Q

define HISTORICAL RESEARCH

A

examines themes over times through historical data

46
Q

define EVALUATION RESEARCH

A

assesses outcome/situation/effects of policies/programs w/intent to improve/achieve goals set by interested parties

47
Q

define POLICY RESEARCH

A

research to make policy recommendations; often an aspect of evaluation research

48
Q

define EXPERIMENTAL RANDOMIZATION

A

randomly assigning members of study to experimental group

49
Q

define PERCENTAGE

A

parts per 100

50
Q

define RATE

A

parts per some number

51
Q

define SPURIOUS CORRELATION

A

no meaningful causal connection between variables

52
Q

define CROSS-TABULATION

A

break down of 2 variables into categories for comparison to see relationship

53
Q

list common statistical mistakes

A
  • correlation = causation
  • overgeneralizing
  • building bias
  • faking data
  • using data selectively
  • interpreting probability as certainty
54
Q

what are examples of fields of research

A

market, medical, academic, political

55
Q
A