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SOC1110 > Chp 2 - Culture > Flashcards

Chp 2 - Culture Flashcards

1
Q

define CULTURE

A

complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group/society

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2
Q

what are aspects of culture

A

belief, morals, values, knowledge, art, language, laws, customs, ways of thinking, patterns of behavior

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3
Q

what is the purpose of culture

A
  • defines what is perceived as good and bad
  • give ppl sense of belonging
  • instruct how to behave
  • tell what to think
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4
Q

define MATERIAL CULTURE

A

objects created in given society

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5
Q

define NONMATERIAL CULTURE

A

equally strong/stronger influence than material culture

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6
Q

define ETHNOCENTRICISM

A

only seeing things from pov of own group

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7
Q

ethnocentrism stresses

A

group solidarity and superiority

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8
Q

define CULTURAL RELATIVISM

A

something must be understood and judged only in relation to cultural context which it apepars

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9
Q

define CULTURE SHOCK

A

disorientation when encountering new/rapidly changed cultural situation

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10
Q

characteristics of culture (is)

A
  • shared
  • learned
  • taken for granted
  • symbolic
  • varies across time and place
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11
Q

define SYMBOLS

A

things/behaviors to which ppl give meaning

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12
Q

t/f: symbols do not have inherent meaning

A

true, meaning is bestowed by people

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13
Q

define LANGUAGE

A

set of symbols and rules combined in a meaningful way to provide complex communication system

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14
Q

define SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS

A

language determines other aspects of culture bc it provides categories thru which social reality is defined; tells what is important in culture

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15
Q

define NORMS

A

specific cultural expectations for how to behave in given situation (dos and donts)

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16
Q

give an example of a norm

A

manners

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17
Q

what is the significance of William Sumner

A

Folkways and Mores

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18
Q

define VALUES

A

abstract standards that define ideal principles

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19
Q

give an example of values

A

liberty and freedom

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20
Q

give and example of belief

A

religion

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21
Q

define BELIEFS

A

shared ideas about what is true held collectively by ppl within given culture providing the basis for many norms and values

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22
Q

define FOLKWAYS

A

general standards of behavior adhered to by group

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23
Q

give examples of folkways

A

cultural forms of dress and food habits

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24
Q

give an example of mores

A

laws and religious doctrines

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25
Q

define MORES

A

strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior

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26
Q

define LAWS

A

written guidelines that define right and wrong in societ

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27
Q

define SOCIAL SANCTIONS

A

mechanisms of social control that enforce folkways, mores, and norms

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28
Q

define TABOOS

A

behavior that bring most serious sanctions

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29
Q

define ETHNOMETHODOLOGY

A

theoretical approach based on idea that you can discover normal social order through disrupting it

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30
Q

define DOMINANT CULTURE

A

culture of most powerful group in society in which social institutions give it some legitimacy and is the standard which other cultures are judged

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31
Q

do dominant cultures need to be the culture of the majority?

A

no

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32
Q

define SUBCULTURE

A

smaller groups sthat mimic dominant culture with some differences and reinterpretations

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33
Q

give examples of subcultures

A

rap, hip hop, amish, cult

34
Q

define COUNTERCULTURE

A

created as reaction against values of dominant culture and develop practices explicitly defying dominant group

35
Q

give examples of countercultures

A

white supremacist movement and youth gangs

36
Q

define GLOBAL CULTURE

A

diffusion of single culture throughout the world

37
Q

define MASS MEDIA

A

print/electronic channels of communication available to wide segments of population

38
Q

define POPULAR CULTURE

A

beliefs, practices, and objects that are part of everyday tradition

39
Q

define SOCIAL MEDIA

A

vast networks of social interaction that new media inspired

40
Q

define CULTURAL HEGEMONY

A

pervasive and excessive influence of one culture throughout society causing conformity even without the elites overtly forcing people

41
Q

define REFLECTION HYPOTHESIS

A

mass media reflects values of general population

42
Q

what does functionalism believe about culture

A
  • integrates ppl into groups
  • provides coherence and stability
43
Q

what does conflict theory believe about culture

A
  • can be source of political resistance
  • increasingly controlled by economic monopolies
44
Q

define CULTURAL CAPITAL

A

cultural resources deemed worthy that give advantages of groups possessing them

45
Q

how does symbolic interaction view culture

A
  • creates group identity from diverse cultural meanings
  • changes as ppl bring new cultural meanings
  • is socially constructed thru activities of social groups
46
Q

define POSTMODERNIST THEORY

A

idea society is not objective but found in words/images ppl use to represent behavior and ideas

47
Q

what does new cultural studies believe about culture

A
  • is ephemeral, unpredictable, and constantly changing
  • is material manifestation of consumer-oriented society
48
Q

what does feminist theory believe about culture

A
  • reflects interests and perspectives of powerful men
  • anchored in inequality of women
  • creates images and values that reproduce sexism and racism
49
Q

define CULTURAL LAG

A

one aspect of culture lags behind other parts that rapidly change

50
Q

what are sources of cultural change

A
  • change in societal conditions
  • cultural diffusion
  • innovation
  • imposed
51
Q

define CULTURAL DIFFUSION

A

transmission of cultural elements from 1 society/group to another

52
Q

how does cultural diffusion happen

A

big force or subcultural influences enter dominant group

53
Q

define DRAMATURGY

A

theoretical perspective based on analogy that face-to-face interactions are like a performance

54
Q

define PRESENTATION OF SELF

A

performing a role like a theater

55
Q

define SIGN VEHICLES

A

answers the question of what is going on

56
Q

list sign vehicles

A
  • appearance
  • manner
  • setting
57
Q

define APPEARANCE

A

stimuli telling us performer’s social status/role

58
Q

define MANNER

A

stimuli warning us of actions that match role

59
Q

define SETTING

A

appropriate setting for the role

60
Q

define PERFORMANCE

A

all activity of given participant on given occasion serving to influence in any way of any other participants

61
Q

define PERSONAL FRONT

A

items of expressive equipment most intimately identified with performer

62
Q

give examples of personal front

A
  • clothing
  • sex
  • age
  • rank
  • characteristics
63
Q

define BACK REGION/BACK STAGE

A

place where impression fostered by performance knowingly contradicted as a matter of course

64
Q

how is culture learned and spread

A
  1. learned throughout life
  2. passed on by groups (by socialization)
  3. passed from group to group (by diffusion)
65
Q

what is the most important part of culture and why

A

language; have to understand language to fully understand culture

66
Q

language can control how we

A

think

67
Q

what type of norms are there and give examples

A

formal: laws
informal: glances

68
Q

sanctions are both (x2)

A

positive and negative; formal and informal

69
Q

give examples of formal negative sanctions

A

going to jail

70
Q

give examples of informal negative sanction

A

yelling

71
Q

give an example of positive formal sanctions

A

pay raise

72
Q

give an example of positive informal sanctions

A

compliments

73
Q

how do functionalists view culture

A
  • cultural beliefs and norms generally agreed on
  • passed through all institutions
  • change when innovations/discovery create new situations
  • rewards and punishments help reinforce beliefs and norms (even if not directed to the individual)
74
Q

give examples of cultural revolutions

A

democratic, industrial, scientific, social media

75
Q

define MANIFEST FUNCTION

A

intended, purposeful, and conscious consequences

76
Q

define LATENT FUNCTIONS

A

unintended, hidden purposes, unconscious consequences that are either positive or negative

77
Q

define DYSFUNCTIONS

A

disrupts stability of society (can be known or latent)

78
Q

how did conflict theorists view culture

A

top 1% have hegemonic control (work to maintain their power, control language and ideas, and less powerful groups believe it is in their interests to do things that help the elites)

79
Q

what is the little subgroup between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat

A

petite bourgeoisie

80
Q

how to do symbolists view culture

A
  • culture is conscious, controlled by everyone, and is decided by the people
  • cultural change is due to values, norms, etc
81
Q
A

SOC1110 (12 decks)

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