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Bio 156 > Chp 3 Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chp 3 Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell

A

basic, living structural functional unit of body

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2
Q

cell physiology

A

study cell function

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3
Q

cytology

A

study cell structure

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4
Q

What are the three principal parts of cell?

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Cytoplasm - contains cytosol and organelles
  3. Nucleus
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5
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A

within cells, cytosol

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6
Q

Extracellular Fluid (Intercellular)

A
  1. between cells
  2. blood: within ___
  3. lymph: within ___
  4. in meninges of CNS
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7
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Lipid bilayer, semipermeable, creates conditions critical cell function

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8
Q

What are functions of Plasma Membrane?

A
  1. physical barrier - separates inside cell from extracellular fluid
  2. regulation of exchange ions and molecules in environment
  3. sensitivity to environment
  4. structural support
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9
Q

what does the phospholipid bilayer form?

A

forms basic framework of cell membrane

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10
Q

How many membranes are in phospholipid bilayer?

A

two

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11
Q

What lipid molecules are in two membranes?

A

cholesterol and glycolipids

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12
Q

What are the two membrane proteins?

A

Integral Protein and Peripheral Proteins

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13
Q

Integral Proteins are found in the? _____, they are _____, and exposed to ____ sides of ____

A

plasma membrane, amphipathic, both, ECF

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14
Q

Peripheral Proteins are ____ attached to ____ or _____ of ______

A

loosely, inside, outside, plasma membrane

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15
Q

what are Glycoproteins? ____ or ______ proteins, have chains of ____ ______

A

integral, peripheral, sugar molecules

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16
Q

Where are glycoproteins located?

A

outside of cell membrane

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17
Q

glycoproteins and glycolipids form carbohydrate-enriched coat called ____ around ____ of cell

A

glycocaly, outside

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18
Q

6 Functions of Membrane Proteins?

A
  1. anchoring proteins
  2. recognition proteins
  3. enzymes
  4. receptor proteins
  5. carrier proteins
  6. channel proteins
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19
Q

Anchoring Proteins

A

link one cell to another, link proteins outside cell to proteins inside

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20
Q

anchoring proteins give _____ and shape, ____ cells to one another in tissues

A

structural stability, anchor

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21
Q

Recognition Proteins

A

distinguish cells from anyone else’s

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22
Q

Enzymes

A

catalyze reaction inside/outside cell

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23
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

recognize specific ligand

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24
Q

what do ligands do?

A

molecule binds to specific receptor

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25
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

move substances across plasma membrane by changing their shape

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26
Q

Channel Proteins

A

form pores in plasma membrane (sodium and potassium channels, aquapore)

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27
Q

How permeable is the plasma membrane?

A

semipermeable

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28
Q

Whats plasma membrane permeable to?

A

small solutes, non polar, hydrophobic

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29
Q

Whats plasma membrane impermeable to?

A

water soluble, polar, hydrophilic

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30
Q

What are three types of transport processes in cell membrane?

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Carrier-Mediated Transport
  3. Vesicular Transport
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31
Q

Whats Diffusion?

Does Diffusion require energy?

A
  • random movement of substance down concentration gradient

- no energy required

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32
Q

Whats Carrier-Mediated Transport?
What does it require?
Does it require energy?

A
  • movement substance
  • integral proteins
  • may or may not require energy
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33
Q

Whats Vesicular Transport?

Does it require energy?

A
  • movement large amounts material across plasma membrane in vesicles
  • requires energy
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34
Q

Diffusion is ___ permeable, and moves molecules from ___ concentration to ____

A

selectively, high, low

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35
Q

plasma membrane ____ permeable, substances present higher inside cell others present higher outside cell = _____, across cell membrane called _____

A

selectively, concentration gradient, chemical gradient

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36
Q

greater concentration ____ inside cell, more ___ outside cell = _____ difference across plasma membrane called _____

A

anions, cations, charge, charge gradient

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37
Q

What do charge gradient and chemical gradient form?

A

electrochemical gradient

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38
Q

what does the Electrochemical Gradient do?

A

moves substances across plasma membrane

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39
Q

6 factors affecting diffusion rate

A
  1. diffusion distance
  2. size/mass of substance
  3. temperature
  4. steepness concentration gradient
  5. electrical forces
  6. surface area
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40
Q

What are two types of diffusion?

A
  1. Simple Diffusion

2. Channel Mediated Diffusion

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41
Q

What molecules can diffuse in Simple Diffusion?

A

non-polar, hydrophobic

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42
Q

What molecules can diffuse in Channel Mediated Diffusion?

A

small inorganic molecules and water

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43
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water through selectively permeable membrane from are higher concentration of water to are lower concentration of water

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44
Q

What two ways does water move through cells?

A
  1. special channel proteins aquaporins

2. slipping through temporary spaces between phospholipids of plasma membranes

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45
Q

what does Tonicity do?

A

influences shape of cells body

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46
Q

Isotonic: concentration solutes are ____ on both sides of _____

A

same, membrane

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47
Q

Isotonic cell ____

A

maintains shape

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48
Q

Hypotonic: concentration solutes ___ inside cell and ____ outside cell, water moves ___ cell

A

higher, cell, into

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49
Q

Hypotonic cell ____

A

explodes

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50
Q

Hemolysis

A

cell explodes specifically RBC

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51
Q

Hypertonic: concentration solutes ____ inside cell and ____ outside cell, water moves ____ cell

A

lower, higher, out

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52
Q

Hypertonic cell _____

A

shrinks

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53
Q

Isotonic IV solutions

A

prevents dehydration

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54
Q

Hypotonic IV solutions

A

treat dehydration, water moves from blood into interstitial fluid then into body cells (eg. gatorade)

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55
Q

Hypertonic IV solutions

A

fluid pulled from interstitial fluid into blood then for transport out of body (eg. urine)

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56
Q

What are two types of Carrier Mediated Transport

A
  1. Facilitated Diffusion

2. Active Transport

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57
Q

Facilitated Diffusion passive (_____) movement of substance across plasma membrane by ________, from area of ____ to _____

A

no energy, carrier protein, high, low

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58
Q

Active Transport requires ATP?

Movement of substances from area of _____ concentrations to area of ______ concentration

A

Yes

lower, higher

59
Q

What are two types of Active Transport?

A

Primary, secondary

60
Q

Primary Active Transport is when energy from ______ of ATP changes shape of _____ protein, pumping solutes _____ concentration gradient

A

hydrolysis, carrier, against

61
Q

What does the sodium potassium pump maintain?

A

maintains concentration of Na and K across cell membrane

62
Q

for every ___ sodium (Na) ions kicked out cell via _________, ____ potassium (K) ions moved into cell

A

3, sodium potassium pump, 2

63
Q

2 K enter cell –> ___ —> ___ —> 3 Na released

A

ATP, ADP hydrolysis

64
Q

Secondary Active Transport ____ energy, moves specific substrate ____ its concentration gradient, requires _____ protein, can move another substrate at same time “______”

A

requires, down, carrier, free ride

65
Q

What two types of transport are there in Secondary Active Transport?

A

cotransport, countertransport

66
Q

Cotransport

A

Na moves into cell, other ions simultaneously transported same direction

67
Q

Countertransport

A

Na moves into cells H, and Ca move out of cells

68
Q

molecules that are too ___ be moved by ___ or _____ transport, move across plasma membrane in _____

A

large, active, passive transport, vesicles

69
Q

Vesicles

A

small membrane-bound sac

70
Q

What two directions can vesicles move?

A

Endocytosis, exocytosis

71
Q

Exocytosis

A

movement substance out of cell

72
Q

Endocytosis

A

movement substance into cell

73
Q

What are three types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-Mediated Endoyctosis

74
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cell eating

75
Q

Phagocytosis: uptake large particles, when taken into cell particles enclosed in ____ then fuses with ____

A

phagosome, lysosome

76
Q

what two main cells conduct phagocytosis?

A

macrophages, neutrophils

77
Q

Pinocytosis

A

cell drinking

78
Q

Pinocytosis: non-selective uptake of fluid ___ cell, allows cell to ____ surroundings

A

outside, sample

79
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

highly specific type of endocytosis, cells take up specific ligands

80
Q

What two components make up the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol, organelles

81
Q

Cytosol

A

intracellular fluid portion of cytoplasm, surrounds organelles

82
Q

Organelles

A

specialized structures, perform specific functions

83
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structural framework of cell

84
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

85
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

synthesis secretory proteins, membrane molecules, fatty acids, steroids, carbohydrates

86
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

sorting, packaging and transporting of ER products

87
Q

Lysosomes

A

store digestive enzymes

88
Q

Mitochondria

A

generation of ATP for cell

89
Q

Cilia

A

movement of fluid and material along cells surface

90
Q

Flagella

A

generate forward motion

91
Q

what are the parts of the nucleus?

A

nuclear envelope and genes

92
Q

genes are arranged in single file along ____

A

chromosomes

93
Q

Human somatic cells are ____ cells have ____ chromosomes arrange as ____ pairs of chromosome with ____ copies

A

body, 46, 23, two

94
Q

Human reproductive cells have _____ chromosomes and ____ copy

A

23, one

95
Q

Haploid is ___ copy of human _____ cells

A

one, reproductive

96
Q

Cell division is the process in which _______

A

cells reproduce themselves

97
Q

when cell division occurs, nucleus divides by ____ or ____ followed by ____

A

mitosis, meiosis, cytokinesis

98
Q

Somatic Cell Division results in ____ in number of ____ cells

A

increase, body

99
Q

somatic cell division involves ____ and ____, produces ____ daughter cells, ____ to parent cell and have ____ number of chromosomes

A

mitosis, cytokinesis, two, identical, same

100
Q

Mitosis

A

distribution of two sets of chromosomes, into two separate nuclei of two newly formed daughter cells

101
Q

What are stages of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

102
Q

Reproductive cell division consists of ___ and ____

A

meiosis, cytokinesis

103
Q

where does meiosis occur?

A

ovaries and testes

104
Q

Reproductive Cell Division results in production of ____ and ______

A

sperm, eggs

105
Q

reproductive cell division one parent cell undergoes ___ cell divisions resulting in __ ___ from each parent cell

A

two, four gametes

106
Q

gametes or sperm ____ identical to parent cell, possess ___ number chromosomes of parents = ______

A

not, half, haploid daughter cells

107
Q

cell must ___ its DNA and produce additional ___ and ____ components before mitosis or ___ can proceed

A

replicate, organelles, cytosolic, meiosis

108
Q

Interphase

A

growth of additional organelles, cytosolic components, DNA replications

109
Q

during DNA replications, the ____-____ DNA molecule separated and each strand matched with _____ nucleotides

A

double-stranded, complementary

110
Q

whats adenine paired with?

A

thymine

111
Q

whats cytosine paired with?

A

guanine

112
Q

why is DNA sequence important?

A

codes for proteins, and cell makes proteins by reading code provided by DNA

113
Q

the ___ that copy DNA during ___ sometimes makes errors and matches incorrect ___ this is called mutation

A

enzymes, mitosis, nucleotide

114
Q

what are three possible destinies of cells in our body?

A
  1. maintain itself without dividing
  2. cell division
  3. cell death
115
Q

Stem cells

A

continuously dived and give rise to more daughter cells

116
Q

Apoptosis

A

genetically controlled cell death

117
Q

Apoptosis happens when ____ of cell cause the cell to ____ itself

A

enzymes, destroy

118
Q

Necrosis

A

pathological type cell death, due to tissue injury

119
Q

Cancer

A

group diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division

120
Q

Carcinogens

A

substances or agents cause cancer

121
Q

Mutagens

A

chemical agents that induce mutations

122
Q

____ also act as carcinogens

A

mutagens

123
Q

Oncogenes

A

causes cancer, uncontrolled cell growth and division

124
Q

the study of tumors is called?

A

oncology

125
Q

Tumors

A

masses of cells that are dividing uncontrollably

126
Q

p53 Gene

A

watches over DNA, makes sure mistakes are fixed

127
Q

the p53 gene ___ for protein, and that protein helps ___ mistakes and ____ cell growth

A

encodes, fix, surpresses

128
Q

What kinds of tumors are there?

A

Benign and Malignant

129
Q

Benign

A

non cancerous, harmless, size may interfere with body functions

130
Q

Malignant

A

cancerous, made up of cells lost track of growth and place in body

131
Q

Metastasis

A

movement of cancerous cells throughout the body

132
Q

___ most common type of cancer, arise from ____ cells

A

carcinomas, epithelial

133
Q

Sarcomas

A

arise from connective tissues

134
Q

osteosarcoma is example of ____, and is cancer of ____ tissue

A

sarcoma, bone

135
Q

Leukemias

A

arise from blood-forming organs

136
Q

lymphocytic leukaemia is example of ____ affects blood-forming stem cells in _______

A

leukaemia, bone marrow

137
Q

Lymphomas

A

originate in lymphatic system

138
Q

Hodgkin and non-hodkgkin is an example of ____ and results in uncontrolled growth of ____

A

lymphoma, lymphocytes

139
Q

What are two treatment of cancers?

A
  1. surgery

2. chemotherapy and radiation therapy

140
Q

Angiogenesis

A

formation of new blood vessels

141
Q

Angiogenesis is when ____ blood cells come to ____ cells to provide ____ and take away ___

A

red, cancer, O2, CO2

142
Q

Amphipathic

A

has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

143
Q

Proliferation

A

uncontrolled cell division

Bio 156 (10 decks)

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