Chp 3 Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards
cell
basic, living structural functional unit of body
cell physiology
study cell function
cytology
study cell structure
What are the three principal parts of cell?
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm - contains cytosol and organelles
- Nucleus
Intracellular Fluid
within cells, cytosol
Extracellular Fluid (Intercellular)
- between cells
- blood: within ___
- lymph: within ___
- in meninges of CNS
Plasma Membrane
Lipid bilayer, semipermeable, creates conditions critical cell function
What are functions of Plasma Membrane?
- physical barrier - separates inside cell from extracellular fluid
- regulation of exchange ions and molecules in environment
- sensitivity to environment
- structural support
what does the phospholipid bilayer form?
forms basic framework of cell membrane
How many membranes are in phospholipid bilayer?
two
What lipid molecules are in two membranes?
cholesterol and glycolipids
What are the two membrane proteins?
Integral Protein and Peripheral Proteins
Integral Proteins are found in the? _____, they are _____, and exposed to ____ sides of ____
plasma membrane, amphipathic, both, ECF
Peripheral Proteins are ____ attached to ____ or _____ of ______
loosely, inside, outside, plasma membrane
what are Glycoproteins? ____ or ______ proteins, have chains of ____ ______
integral, peripheral, sugar molecules
Where are glycoproteins located?
outside of cell membrane
glycoproteins and glycolipids form carbohydrate-enriched coat called ____ around ____ of cell
glycocaly, outside
6 Functions of Membrane Proteins?
- anchoring proteins
- recognition proteins
- enzymes
- receptor proteins
- carrier proteins
- channel proteins
Anchoring Proteins
link one cell to another, link proteins outside cell to proteins inside
anchoring proteins give _____ and shape, ____ cells to one another in tissues
structural stability, anchor
Recognition Proteins
distinguish cells from anyone else’s
Enzymes
catalyze reaction inside/outside cell
Receptor Proteins
recognize specific ligand
what do ligands do?
molecule binds to specific receptor
Carrier Proteins
move substances across plasma membrane by changing their shape
Channel Proteins
form pores in plasma membrane (sodium and potassium channels, aquapore)
How permeable is the plasma membrane?
semipermeable
Whats plasma membrane permeable to?
small solutes, non polar, hydrophobic
Whats plasma membrane impermeable to?
water soluble, polar, hydrophilic
What are three types of transport processes in cell membrane?
- Diffusion
- Carrier-Mediated Transport
- Vesicular Transport
Whats Diffusion?
Does Diffusion require energy?
- random movement of substance down concentration gradient
- no energy required
Whats Carrier-Mediated Transport?
What does it require?
Does it require energy?
- movement substance
- integral proteins
- may or may not require energy
Whats Vesicular Transport?
Does it require energy?
- movement large amounts material across plasma membrane in vesicles
- requires energy
Diffusion is ___ permeable, and moves molecules from ___ concentration to ____
selectively, high, low
plasma membrane ____ permeable, substances present higher inside cell others present higher outside cell = _____, across cell membrane called _____
selectively, concentration gradient, chemical gradient
greater concentration ____ inside cell, more ___ outside cell = _____ difference across plasma membrane called _____
anions, cations, charge, charge gradient
What do charge gradient and chemical gradient form?
electrochemical gradient
what does the Electrochemical Gradient do?
moves substances across plasma membrane
6 factors affecting diffusion rate
- diffusion distance
- size/mass of substance
- temperature
- steepness concentration gradient
- electrical forces
- surface area
What are two types of diffusion?
- Simple Diffusion
2. Channel Mediated Diffusion
What molecules can diffuse in Simple Diffusion?
non-polar, hydrophobic
What molecules can diffuse in Channel Mediated Diffusion?
small inorganic molecules and water
Osmosis
movement of water through selectively permeable membrane from are higher concentration of water to are lower concentration of water
What two ways does water move through cells?
- special channel proteins aquaporins
2. slipping through temporary spaces between phospholipids of plasma membranes
what does Tonicity do?
influences shape of cells body
Isotonic: concentration solutes are ____ on both sides of _____
same, membrane
Isotonic cell ____
maintains shape
Hypotonic: concentration solutes ___ inside cell and ____ outside cell, water moves ___ cell
higher, cell, into
Hypotonic cell ____
explodes
Hemolysis
cell explodes specifically RBC
Hypertonic: concentration solutes ____ inside cell and ____ outside cell, water moves ____ cell
lower, higher, out
Hypertonic cell _____
shrinks
Isotonic IV solutions
prevents dehydration
Hypotonic IV solutions
treat dehydration, water moves from blood into interstitial fluid then into body cells (eg. gatorade)
Hypertonic IV solutions
fluid pulled from interstitial fluid into blood then for transport out of body (eg. urine)
What are two types of Carrier Mediated Transport
- Facilitated Diffusion
2. Active Transport
Facilitated Diffusion passive (_____) movement of substance across plasma membrane by ________, from area of ____ to _____
no energy, carrier protein, high, low
Active Transport requires ATP?
Movement of substances from area of _____ concentrations to area of ______ concentration
Yes
lower, higher
What are two types of Active Transport?
Primary, secondary
Primary Active Transport is when energy from ______ of ATP changes shape of _____ protein, pumping solutes _____ concentration gradient
hydrolysis, carrier, against
What does the sodium potassium pump maintain?
maintains concentration of Na and K across cell membrane
for every ___ sodium (Na) ions kicked out cell via _________, ____ potassium (K) ions moved into cell
3, sodium potassium pump, 2
2 K enter cell –> ___ —> ___ —> 3 Na released
ATP, ADP hydrolysis
Secondary Active Transport ____ energy, moves specific substrate ____ its concentration gradient, requires _____ protein, can move another substrate at same time “______”
requires, down, carrier, free ride
What two types of transport are there in Secondary Active Transport?
cotransport, countertransport
Cotransport
Na moves into cell, other ions simultaneously transported same direction
Countertransport
Na moves into cells H, and Ca move out of cells
molecules that are too ___ be moved by ___ or _____ transport, move across plasma membrane in _____
large, active, passive transport, vesicles
Vesicles
small membrane-bound sac
What two directions can vesicles move?
Endocytosis, exocytosis
Exocytosis
movement substance out of cell
Endocytosis
movement substance into cell
What are three types of endocytosis
Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-Mediated Endoyctosis
Phagocytosis
cell eating
Phagocytosis: uptake large particles, when taken into cell particles enclosed in ____ then fuses with ____
phagosome, lysosome
what two main cells conduct phagocytosis?
macrophages, neutrophils
Pinocytosis
cell drinking
Pinocytosis: non-selective uptake of fluid ___ cell, allows cell to ____ surroundings
outside, sample
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
highly specific type of endocytosis, cells take up specific ligands
What two components make up the cytoplasm?
cytosol, organelles
Cytosol
intracellular fluid portion of cytoplasm, surrounds organelles
Organelles
specialized structures, perform specific functions
Cytoskeleton
Structural framework of cell
ribosomes
protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
synthesis secretory proteins, membrane molecules, fatty acids, steroids, carbohydrates
Golgi Apparatus
sorting, packaging and transporting of ER products
Lysosomes
store digestive enzymes
Mitochondria
generation of ATP for cell
Cilia
movement of fluid and material along cells surface
Flagella
generate forward motion
what are the parts of the nucleus?
nuclear envelope and genes
genes are arranged in single file along ____
chromosomes
Human somatic cells are ____ cells have ____ chromosomes arrange as ____ pairs of chromosome with ____ copies
body, 46, 23, two
Human reproductive cells have _____ chromosomes and ____ copy
23, one
Haploid is ___ copy of human _____ cells
one, reproductive
Cell division is the process in which _______
cells reproduce themselves
when cell division occurs, nucleus divides by ____ or ____ followed by ____
mitosis, meiosis, cytokinesis
Somatic Cell Division results in ____ in number of ____ cells
increase, body
somatic cell division involves ____ and ____, produces ____ daughter cells, ____ to parent cell and have ____ number of chromosomes
mitosis, cytokinesis, two, identical, same
Mitosis
distribution of two sets of chromosomes, into two separate nuclei of two newly formed daughter cells
What are stages of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Reproductive cell division consists of ___ and ____
meiosis, cytokinesis
where does meiosis occur?
ovaries and testes
Reproductive Cell Division results in production of ____ and ______
sperm, eggs
reproductive cell division one parent cell undergoes ___ cell divisions resulting in __ ___ from each parent cell
two, four gametes
gametes or sperm ____ identical to parent cell, possess ___ number chromosomes of parents = ______
not, half, haploid daughter cells
cell must ___ its DNA and produce additional ___ and ____ components before mitosis or ___ can proceed
replicate, organelles, cytosolic, meiosis
Interphase
growth of additional organelles, cytosolic components, DNA replications
during DNA replications, the ____-____ DNA molecule separated and each strand matched with _____ nucleotides
double-stranded, complementary
whats adenine paired with?
thymine
whats cytosine paired with?
guanine
why is DNA sequence important?
codes for proteins, and cell makes proteins by reading code provided by DNA
the ___ that copy DNA during ___ sometimes makes errors and matches incorrect ___ this is called mutation
enzymes, mitosis, nucleotide
what are three possible destinies of cells in our body?
- maintain itself without dividing
- cell division
- cell death
Stem cells
continuously dived and give rise to more daughter cells
Apoptosis
genetically controlled cell death
Apoptosis happens when ____ of cell cause the cell to ____ itself
enzymes, destroy
Necrosis
pathological type cell death, due to tissue injury
Cancer
group diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division
Carcinogens
substances or agents cause cancer
Mutagens
chemical agents that induce mutations
____ also act as carcinogens
mutagens
Oncogenes
causes cancer, uncontrolled cell growth and division
the study of tumors is called?
oncology
Tumors
masses of cells that are dividing uncontrollably
p53 Gene
watches over DNA, makes sure mistakes are fixed
the p53 gene ___ for protein, and that protein helps ___ mistakes and ____ cell growth
encodes, fix, surpresses
What kinds of tumors are there?
Benign and Malignant
Benign
non cancerous, harmless, size may interfere with body functions
Malignant
cancerous, made up of cells lost track of growth and place in body
Metastasis
movement of cancerous cells throughout the body
___ most common type of cancer, arise from ____ cells
carcinomas, epithelial
Sarcomas
arise from connective tissues
osteosarcoma is example of ____, and is cancer of ____ tissue
sarcoma, bone
Leukemias
arise from blood-forming organs
lymphocytic leukaemia is example of ____ affects blood-forming stem cells in _______
leukaemia, bone marrow
Lymphomas
originate in lymphatic system
Hodgkin and non-hodkgkin is an example of ____ and results in uncontrolled growth of ____
lymphoma, lymphocytes
What are two treatment of cancers?
- surgery
2. chemotherapy and radiation therapy
Angiogenesis
formation of new blood vessels
Angiogenesis is when ____ blood cells come to ____ cells to provide ____ and take away ___
red, cancer, O2, CO2
Amphipathic
has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
Proliferation
uncontrolled cell division
