CHP. 3 - 3 Claims, 4 Validities

Question 1

Categorical Variable

Answer 1

Qualitative
- multiple levels

Question 2

Quantitative Variables

Answer 2

Uses numbers
- multiple values

Question 3

Participant Variables

Answer 3

Some variables can only be measured but not manipulated
- ex. height, age

Question 4

Frequency Claims

Answer 4

Rate/degree of a single variable reported as a ration or %
- only 1 measured variable

Question 5

Association Claims

Answer 5

Reports the correlation between 2 variables
- “changes in x predict changes in y”
- studies

Question 6

Causal Claims

Answer 6

Reports that 1 variable causes another variable to change
- experiments

Question 7

Covariance

Answer 7

Statistically significant correlation or association between
- A is correlated with B

Question 8

Temporal Precedence

Answer 8

A cause must lead to an effort, not the other way around
- A comes before B

Question 9

Internal Validity (define)

Answer 9

Can we eliminate other explanations for the relationship?
- A causes B and not some other variable, C

Question 10

Construct Validity

Answer 10

• Important for all 3 claims
• For each variable, are they reliable (consistent/precise) & valid (accurate)?

Question 11

Statistical Validity

Answer 11

• Important for all 3 claims
• If data is N.S. we cannot make a claim

Question 12

External Validity

Answer 12

Always important for frequency claims
- How are participants chosen (random selection)?

Question 13

Internal Validity (for claims)

Answer 13

Only important for causal claims
- How were study/experiment groups chosen (random assignment)?