Chp 20 Disasters Flashcards
Exam 4 (Final)
Agencies/Organizations -Disaster Management
What are the orgs/agencies (Hint: There are 8):
Red Cross
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
WHO’s Emergency Relief Operations
Pan American Health Organization
Doctors Without Borders
International Medical Corps
Operation Blessing
Military
American Red Cross Disaster Relief:
What does the Red Cross respond to?
From small house fires to multi-state natural disasters, the American Red Cross responds, so people can have clean water, safe shelter and hot meals when they need them most.
American Red Cross Disaster Relief:
How many disasters do they respond to every year?
The Red Cross responds toan average of more than 60,000 disasters every year
American Red Cross Disaster Relief:
What percent are volunteers?
95%of disaster relief workers are volunteers
Emergencies and Disasters
What are emergencies considered?
Emergencies are considered events that require a swift, intense response on the part of existing community resources.
Emergencies and Disasters
What are disasters?
Disasters are often unforeseen, serious, and unique events that disrupt essential community services and cause human morbidity and mortality. Effects may be long-lasting.
Emergencies and Disasters:
What do disasters require?
Require considerable resources.
Emergencies and Disasters:
How long are effects of disasters?
Effects may be long-lasting.
Disasters:
What do they vary by?
Type
Onset
Duration
Magnitude or scope
Disasters:
Types of disasters include:
Natural
Accidental
Man-made
Disaster Management:
What are the phases?
Preimpact
Impact
Post-impact
Phases of Disaster Management
include:
Prevention
Preparedness
Response
Recovery
Phases of Disaster Management
include:
Prevention: What should identified? What should be developed?
Identify community risk factors
Develop and implement prevention programs
Phases of Disaster Management
include:
Preparedness:
Improve community and individual reaction/responses to minimize effects of disasters
Phases of Disaster Management
include:
Response: What occurs?
Rescue,
triage,
on-site stabilization,
transportation of victims,
and treatment at local hospitals
Phases of Disaster Management
include:
Recovery: What occurs?
Repair,
rebuild,
or relocate,
and restore health and economic vitality to the community
Characteristics of Disasters
Causation
Casualties
Scope
Intensity
Characteristics of Disasters
Causation:
Natural or man-made
Characteristics of Disasters
Casualties
Number of human beings injured or killed by or as a direct result of an incident
Characteristics of Disasters
Casualties: What is considered a multiple-casualty incident?
Multiple-casualty incident: >2 but <100
Characteristics of Disasters
Casualties: What is considered a Mass-casualty incident?
Mass-casualty incident: >100
Characteristics of Disasters
Scope
Range of its effect, either geographically or in terms of the number of victims
Characteristics of Disasters
Intensity
The level of destruction and devastation it causes
Victims of Disaster
What are the groups?
Direct victims
Indirect victims
Victims of Disaster
Direct victims: WHo are they?
: survivors and fatalities
Victims of Disaster
Direct victims: : survivors and fatalities
Who does this include?
Displaced persons - usually temporary
Refugees
Victims of Disaster
Indirect victims:
Who does this include?
Indirect victims: relatives or friends of direct victims
Factors Contributing to the Potential for Disaster
Host factors:
Agent factors:
Environmental factors
Factors Contributing to the Potential for Disaster
Host Factors include:
Age,
general health,
mobility,
psychological factors,
and socioeconomic factors
Factors Contributing to the Potential for Disaster
Agent factors include:
Natural or technologic element that causes the disaster
Factors Contributing to the Potential for Disaster
Environmental factors include:
Those that could potentially contribute to or mitigate a disaster
Community Health Nurse Roles (Prevention):
Includes?
Disaster Prevention
Disaster Preparedness
Community Health Nurse Roles (Prevention)
Disaster Prevention:
Primary level
Secondary level
Tertiary level
Community Health Nurse Roles (Prevention)
Disaster Preparedness
Disaster planning; personal preparation; assessment for risk factors and disaster history
Establishing authority, communication, and transportation
Mobilizing, warning, and evacuating
Community Health Nurse Roles
Disaster Prevention: Primary Prevention
Primary prevention
Community surveillance;
signs of possible terrorist activity
Community Health Nurse Roles
Disaster Prevention: What is secondary prevention?
Preparation for safe action,
quick information access,
and resource use;
ensuring current disaster plan
Community Health Nurse Roles
Disaster Prevention: What is tertiary prevention?
Response to terroristic acts:
direct care;
dealing with groups,
families including the aftermath
Community Health Nurse Roles (Impact)
includes:
Responding to disaster
Supporting recovery
Community Health Nurse Roles (Impact)
includes: Responding to disaster
Rescue
Triage immediate treatment and support
Care of bodies; family notification
Community Health Nurse Roles (Impact)
includes: Supporting recovery
Long-term treatment
Long-term support
Need for self-care (critical incident stress debriefing [CISD])
Psychological Consequences
Acute stress disorder, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Psychological Consequences:
Acute stress disorder, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
What is needed?
Education, screening, assessment, and referral by CHN
Psychological Consequences:
Acute stress disorder, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Education, screening, assessment, and referral by CHN
Primary prevention:
Primary prevention: resilience
Psychological Consequences:
Acute stress disorder, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Education, screening, assessment, and referral by CHN
Secondary prevention:
Secondary prevention: crisis intervention
Psychological Consequences:
Acute stress disorder, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Education, screening, assessment, and referral by CHN
Tertiary prevention:
Tertiary prevention: referral for treatment
What can reduce the impact on the community?
Although disasters do not occur with frequency, planning with vulnerability assessment can reduce the impact on the community
Preparedness
includes?
Identification of hazards
Analysis of vulnerability
Assessment of risk
National Response Framework (Federal Emergency Management Agency)
National Response Framework
Plan
Organize, Train and Equip
Exercise
Evaluate and improve
Point-of-Distribution Plans:
Where do all responses begin?
All responses begin at the local level, where the disaster management plan is implemented, and responders are deployed.
MRC and CERT Groups
What do they do?
Mitigation
Response
Field triage
Recovery
Terrorism:
What is it?
Unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, civilian populations, to advance political or social objectives (U.S. FBI)
Terrorism
Agents for terrorism
Bioweapons/Bioterrorism (mustard gas and anthrax)
Nuclear agents
Chemical warfare
Levels of Prevention Applied to Terrorism
Primary prevention
Alert to signs of possible terrorist activity
Knowledge base of terrorism pathogens or chemical weapons
Levels of Prevention Applied to Terrorism
Secondary prevention
Be prepared to act safely, access information rapidly, and use resources effectively
Levels of Prevention Applied to Terrorism
Tertiary prevention
Provide direct care to victims, to volunteer as a hospital–community liaison, make home visits to affected families, serve on committees responding to terrorist acts
Bioterrorism
What can it result in?
Result in high mortality rates
Bioterrorism
Categories of bioterrorism agents: How are they?
Can be easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person
Bioterrorism
What do they have a potential for?
Have the potential for major public health impact
Bioterrorism
What may they cause?
Might cause public panic and social disruption and require special action for public health preparedness
Bioterrorism Agents include?
Anthrax
Botulism
Plague
Smallpox
Tularemia
Viral hemorrhagic fevers
Ebola precautions
Chemical Disasters
How do they differ from biologic agents?
Unlike biologic agents, which require an incubation period before symptoms appear
Chemical Disasters
What is it?
Unlike biologic agents, which require an incubation period before symptoms appear,
a chemical agent, when released, makes its presence known immediately through observation (explosion), self‐admission (accidental), or the occurrence of rapidly emerging symptoms, such as burns, difficulty breathing, or convulsions.
Role of Nurses in a Chemical Disaster
Evaluating factors include:
Hazardous material
Population at risk
Time span
Current and predicted weather conditions
Ability to communicate emergency information
Evacuation
When is shelter in place used?
Shelter in place is used for short‐duration incidents, when moving would result in a greater hazard or it is impractical to evacuate.
Evacuation
When does evacuation occur?
Evacuation occurs when there is potential for massive explosions and fire as well as for long‐duration events.
Evacuation
When does invacuation occur?
Invacuation occurs when people in a hospital or residential facility are moved to another floor or area within the facility.
Radiologic Disasters
Health outcome depends on the following:
Amount or dose of radiation absorbed
Type of radiation
Route of exposure
Length of time exposed
Blast Injuries
Explosions in confined spaces cause higher morbidity and mortality.
Blast Injuries:
How is communication with victims?
Communication with victims may be difficult due to sudden temporary deafness.
Blast Injuries:
What are many injuries due to?
Many injuries are due to flying debris.
Blast Injuries:
What is there an increased chance of?
Open wounds have increased chance to become infected.
Blast Injuries:
What should not be delayed? How are assessments?
Triage and lifesaving efforts should not be delayed.
assessments should be focused.
