Chapter 4: Global Health

Question 1

What does global health consist of? How is it best addressed?

Answer 1

Global health consists of health issues and concerns that transcend national boundaries and may best be addressed by cooperative actions and solutions.

Question 2

What is health?

Answer 2

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Question 3

What does global health encompass?

Answer 3

Global health encompasses the behavioral and environmental risk factors of a community, which are influenced by politics, economics, and culture.

Question 4

DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH: What is this?

Answer 4

Factors that affect outcomes of health status, such as:

Question 5

DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH:

Factors that affect outcomes of health status, such as:

Answer 5

physical environment, social environment, health behaviors, and individual health, as well as broader factors such as access to health services and overall health policies and interventions

Question 6

What is an epidemiologic transition?

A. High fertility and high mortality, resulting in slow population growth

B. Improvement in hygiene and nutrition, leading to a decreased burden of infectious disease

C. Decline in mortality and later decline in fertility

D. High and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine

Answer 6

D. High and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine

Question 7

EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITIONS:

What are examples?

Answer 7

High and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine.

Progressive declines in mortality, as epidemics become less frequent

Further decline in mortality, increasing life expectancy, predominance of noncommunicable diseases

Question 8

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONS:

What are there increases in?

Answer 8

High fertility and high mortality, resulting in slow population growth

Increase in relative proportion of elderly population

Question 9

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONS:

What are there improvements in?

Answer 9

Improvement in hygiene and nutrition, leading to a decreased burden of infectious disease

Question 10

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONS:

What are there declines in?

Answer 10

Decline in mortality and later decline in fertility

Question 11

WOMEN, POVERTY, AND HEALTH

Just read this:

Answer 11

Unequal power relationships between women and men

Social norms that decrease education and paid employment opportunities for women

Exclusive focus on women’s reproductive roles

Potential or actual experience of physical, sexual, and emotional violence

Question 12

GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE:

What are there risks to?

Answer 12

Risks to health and health outcomes in different demographic populations and social settings

Question 13

GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE:

How is the burden of disease growing? What is it effected by?

Answer 13

The burden of disease is growing disproportionately in the world and is largely affected by climate, public policy, age of the population, socioeconomic conditions, and risk factors

Question 14

GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE

What else is included?

Answer 14

Noncommunicable diseases

Impact of disease burden

Question 15

FACTORS AFFECTING GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE:

Answer 15

Risk factors

Childhood and maternal malnutrition

Other nutrition-related risk factors and inactivity

Additive substances

Sexual and reproductive health

Environmental risks

Question 16

OTHER FACTORS THAT AFFECT GLOBAL HEALTH

Answer 16

Political

Economic

Sociodemographic

Health worker migration- some of the first people to leave poor places are educated

Question 17

DECLARATION OF ALMA ATA

Answer 17

Governments have a responsibility to promote the health of their citizens by providing adequate health and social services

Question 18

DECLARATION OF ALMA ATA: What did it recognize the concept of?

Answer 18

Recognize the concept of primary health care

Question 19

Authority for directing and coordinating international health within the United Nations’ system

Answer 19

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)

Question 20

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO): What did it establish?

Answer 20

Establishes health guidelines and standards

Question 21

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO): Who do they collab with? What do they promote?

Answer 21

Collaborates with countries to address public health issues

Promotes research

Question 22

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Answer 22

A universal set of goals, targets, and indicators that the United Nations to frame their agenda and political policies through 2030

Question 23

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Answer 23

End poverty in all its forms everywhere

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all

Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation

Reduce inequality within and among countries

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

Question 24

What are examples of noncommunicable diseases?

Answer 24

Including obesity, cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and chronic respiratory disease