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Community Health > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

What is one of the three core functions of community health nursing?

A

Community assessment

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2
Q

What must be done before an assessment?

A

Define community before assessment

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3
Q

Define community before assessment:

What is included:

A

People

Place

Function

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4
Q

Define community before assessment:

What is included: People

A

Community members or residents

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5
Q

Define community before assessment:

What is included: Place

A

Geographic and time dimensions

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6
Q

Define community before assessment:

What is included: Function

A

aims and activities of the community

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7
Q

Community Assessment: What does it include?

A

Community assessment includes examination of biologic, psychological, and sociocultural influences of the environment that surrounds a specific group of people.

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8
Q

Community Assessment: What process in involved? What are you identifying?

A

The process of critically thinking about the community – identifying community needs, clarifying problems, and identifying community strengths and resources

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9
Q

Community Assessment:

What approaches are used?

A

Systematic process that may use several approaches including key informant interviews, analysis of data on health status and health behavior indicators, observation, and community surveys.

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10
Q

Community Health

Community health has three common characteristics (or dimensions)

A

Status

Structure

Process

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11
Q

Community Health

Community health has three common characteristics (or dimensions)

Status:

A

Status: biological, emotional, and social components

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12
Q

Community Health

Community health has three common characteristics (or dimensions)

Status: biological, emotional, and social components

Such as what data?

A

Morbidity, mortality data

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13
Q

Community Health

Community health has three common characteristics (or dimensions)

Structure:

A

Services and resources

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14
Q

Community Health

Community health has three common characteristics (or dimensions)

Structure: Services and resources

A

Hospitals, community health clinic, population characteristics (SES, gender, age)

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15
Q

Community Health

Community health has three common characteristics (or dimensions)

Process:

A

Process: community functioning or problem solving; ability to function effectively

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16
Q

Community Health

Community health has three common characteristics (or dimensions)

Process: community functioning or problem solving; ability to function effectively

Like?

A

Conflict resolution,

active participation by members,

effective communication

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17
Q

Community Needs Assessment:

What is this?

A

Process of determining real or perceived needs of a defined community

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18
Q

Community Needs Assessment:

What are the types?

A

Windshield survey

Problem-oriented assessment

Comprehensive assessment

Community asset-based assessment

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19
Q

Community Needs Assessment:

Windshield survey:

A

(familiarization assessment)

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20
Q

Community Needs Assessment:

Comprehensive assessment:

A

(key informants)

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21
Q

Data Collection: What is it?

A

Gathering or compiling existing data and generating missing data

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22
Q

Data Gathering:

A

the process of obtaining existing, readily available data (Secondary Data)

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23
Q

Data Generation:

A

the process of developing data that do not already exist through interaction with community members or groups (Primary Data)

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24
Q

Data Gathering (Secondary Data):

What are you obtaining?

A

Obtaining existing, readily available data

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25
Q

Data Gathering (Secondary Data):

Who is it collected by? How?

A

Collected by others via structured interviews, questionnaires, or surveys and are available in published reports (incl. research)

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26
Q

Surveillance Data:

What are examples?

A

US Census (Census)

National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Community Profiles (EpiQuery: NYC Interactive Health Data)

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27
Q

Data Generation (Primary Data): What is it?

A
  1. Generation of direct data
  2. Collection of reported data:
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28
Q

Data Generation (Primary Data):

Generation of direct data- How?

A

Informant interviews,

Focus groups,

Participant observation

Windshield surveys

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29
Q

Data Generation (Primary Data):

Collection of reported data: What does this mean?

A

Secondary analysis of data collected by someone else

Surveys

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30
Q

Data Generation (Primary Data):

Collection of reported data:

Secondary analysis of data collected by someone else- What are examples?

A

Ex, public documents, minutes from meetings, statistical data from health records

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31
Q

Data Generation (Primary Data):

Collection of reported data:

Surveys

A

Data from a sample of persons

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32
Q

Key Informants:

Who are they not always?

A

Key informants are not always people who have a formal title or position

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33
Q

Key Informants:

What kind of role do they often have?

A

Often have an informal role within the community

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34
Q

Key Informants:

Who are often informants? What do they know?

A

County health department nurses and church leaders are often key informants.

They also know many community members and can identify other key informants.

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35
Q

Windshield Surveys: What are they?

A

Motorized equivalent of simple observation

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36
Q

Windshield Surveys:

Motorized equivalent of simple observation: What does it provide?

A

Get a quick, initial sense of a community’s life and environment

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37
Q

Windshield Surveys:

Motorized equivalent of simple observation:

Elements like?

A

Elements: housing and zoning, open space, boundaries, “commons”, transportation, social service centers, stores, street people and animals, condition of the area, race and ethnicity, religion, health indicators, politics, media , and business & industry.

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38
Q

Approaches to Community Assessment

Include:

A

Functional health status approach

Developmental approaches

Epidemiologic approach

Geographic information systems

Community as partner framework

Community asset-based approach

Collaborative model

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39
Q

Approaches to Community Assessment

Functional health status approach:

A

Functional health status approach evaluates health patterns in the community.

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40
Q

Approaches to Community Assessment

Developmental approaches:

A

Developmental approaches use a retrospective historical approach to understand cultural changes over time to inform future initiatives.

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41
Q

Approaches to Community Assessment

Epidemiologic approach: What does it describe/determine?

A

Describing the disease or disability

Determining relationships that can predict health status

42
Q

Approaches to Community Assessment

Geographic information systems: What is it?

A

Developing and testing interventions

43
Q

Approaches to Community Assessment

Community as partner framework

A

uses a systems approach with a focus on partnerships to effect change.

44
Q

Approaches to Community Assessment

Community asset-based approach

A

Community asset-based approach identifies community resources and strengths along with community needs

45
Q

Approaches to Community Assessment

Collaborative model

A

involves assessment by an interdisciplinary team and members of the community.

46
Q

Problem Analysis: What are they for?

A

To clarify the nature of the problem

47
Q

Problem Analysis:

To clarify the nature of the problem such as?

A

Direct and indirect factors that contribute to the problem and to the outcomes of the problem

48
Q

Community Nursing Diagnosis:

What must it describe?

A

Must describe at the aggregate level

The comparison of local data with state, regional, or national data, as rates and across multiple years, is important to identify community-level problems as well as patterns and trends.

49
Q

Community Nursing Diagnosis:

What must be used?

A

Community-level data must be used

50
Q

Community Nursing Diagnosis:

Community-level data must be used- like what?

A

Ex. Epidemiologic data or community survey

51
Q

Nursing Diagnosis Format

What is included?

A

“Risk of”–

“Among” –

“Related to” –

52
Q

Nursing Diagnosis Format

“Risk of” - ?

A

Identifies a specific problem or health risk faced by the community

53
Q

Nursing Diagnosis Format

“Risk of”– Identifies a specific problem or health risk faced by the community

Example?

A

) infant malnutrition

54
Q

Nursing Diagnosis Format

“Among”

A

“Among” – Identifies the specific community client

55
Q

Nursing Diagnosis Format

“Among” – Identifies the specific community client

Example?

A

ex) families in Jefferson County

56
Q

Nursing Diagnosis Format

“Related to” – ?

A

“Related to” – Describes characteristics of the community, including motivation, knowledge, and skills of the community and its environment

57
Q

Nursing Diagnosis Format

“Related to” – Describes characteristics of the community, including motivation, knowledge, and skills of the community and its environment

Example?

A

ex) high rate of teenage pregnancy; lack of regular developmental screening; high rate of malnutrition among new mothers

58
Q

Define Population

Target population: What is it?

A

those who you plan to serve (=who you are targeting for your services)

59
Q

Define Population

Accessible population: What is it?

A

a subset of the target population that reflects specific characteristics with respect to age, gender, diagnosis, etc., and who are accessible for study

those who you have readily available to “access”.

60
Q

Establishing Goals/Objectives

Goals: include

A

Generally broad statements of desired outcomes;

general direction of logical response to a demonstrated need

What you ultimately aim to achieve by your nursing intervention (long range)

61
Q

Establishing Goals/Objectives

Objectives: What are they?

A

The precise statements of the desired outcomes

The interim steps to reach goals;

realistic and attainable means to meet the goal (short term)

62
Q

Criteria for a Good Objective (SMART)
includes?

A

Specific

Measurable

Achieveable

Relevant

Time Specific

63
Q

Criteria for a Good Objective (SMART):

Specific

A

What exactly are we going to do and to/with whom?

64
Q

Criteria for a Good Objective (SMART):

Measurable

A

Is it measurable and can we measure it?

65
Q

Criteria for a Good Objective (SMART):

Achievable

A

Can we get it done in the proposed timeframe, using the proposed activities, for this amount of money?

66
Q

Criteria for a Good Objective (SMART):

Relevant

A

Will this objective lead to the desired results (or goal)? Does it support the outcomes of the agency’s or funder’s long-range plan?

67
Q

Criteria for a Good Objective (SMART):

Time Specific

A

By when will we accomplish this objective?

68
Q

Identifying Interventions:

What are they?

A

Strategies used to meet the objectives/goals

69
Q

Identifying Interventions:

Strategies used to meet the objectives/goals

include

A

Selecting the best set of activities

Evidence-based practice

70
Q

Identifying Interventions:

Strategies used to meet the objectives/goals

include- Selecting the best set of activities:

What exists? What must be identified?

A

Alternative intervention activities do exist, and they must be identified and evaluated

71
Q

Identifying Interventions:

Evidence-based practice:

A

Review previous research to determine what approaches have been used in other places with similar problems and with what success

Synthesizing the evidence and translating it into practice

What can be learned from the experience of others in similar circumstances?

72
Q

Considerations: Planning

What questions to ask?

A

Which factors are changeable?

What intervention can be most effective?

What can be done in the community?

How much change is desired over what period of time?

Who can most effectively affect the outcome of the plan?

What is the role of community health nurse in the action plan

73
Q

Considerations: Implementation

What questions to ask?

A

What is the role of community health nurse in the action phase?

Which strategies can facilitate healthy change in the community?

74
Q

Action Plans: What are they?

A

Detailed description of intervention activities

75
Q

Action Plans:

Detailed description of intervention activities
include

A

Who

What

How

Where

Material resources used for intervention (equipment, handouts)

76
Q

Action Plans:

Detailed description of intervention activities
include

Who

A

Who planned and delivered the intervention (identify supporting personnel involved in planning, implementing, authorizing)

77
Q

Action Plans:

Detailed description of intervention activities
include

What

A

What was the content of the intervention

78
Q

Action Plans:

Detailed description of intervention activities
include

How

A

How was the intervention delivered (format, time frame)

79
Q

Action Plans:

Detailed description of intervention activities
include

Where

A

Where the intervention took place (location, facility)

80
Q

Action Plans:

Detailed description of intervention activities
include

Material resources

A

Material resources used for intervention (equipment, handouts)

81
Q

Evaluation: How long is it?

A

An ongoing process from the beginning of the planning phase until the program ends.

82
Q

Evaluation: What are goals of evaluation?

A

The major goals of program evaluation are to determine the relevance, progress, efficiency, effectiveness, and impact of program activities.

83
Q

Why should we conduct an evaluation?

A

Improve program design and implementation

Demonstrate program impact

  • more info on slide 32
84
Q

How do I conduct an evaluation:

What are you identifying?

A

Identify and engage stakeholders

Identify program elements to monitor

85
Q

How do I conduct an evaluation:

What are you determining?

A

Determine how the information will be gathered

86
Q

How do I conduct an evaluation:

What are you selecting?

A

Select the key evaluation questions

87
Q

How do I conduct an evaluation:

What are you developing?

A

Develop a data analysis and reporting plan
Ensure use and share lessons learned

88
Q

Evaluation: Formative

A

Evaluation for the purpose of assessing whether objectives are met, or planned activities are completed (= Examine process)

89
Q

Evaluation: Summative

A

Outcome evaluation

Evaluation to assess program outcomes or as a follow-up of the results of the program activities

90
Q

Evaluation: Summative

What are the types of goals?

A

Immediate effects of program (short-term)

Incidence/prevalence of risk factors (=effectiveness of program, long-term)

91
Q

Aspects of Evaluation include

A

Relevance (F)

Adequacy

Progress (F)

Efficiency (F/S)

Effectiveness (S)

Impact (S)

Sustainability

92
Q

Aspects of Evaluation include

Relevance:

A

Was the program necessary?

93
Q

Aspects of Evaluation include

Adequacy:

A

large enough to make a positive difference in the problem?

94
Q

Aspects of Evaluation include

Progress (F):

A

Tracking of program activities to meet program objectives

95
Q

Aspects of Evaluation include

Efficiency (F/S):

A

Relationship b/w program outcomes and the resources spent

96
Q

Aspects of Evaluation include

Effectiveness (S)

A

Meet program objectives and goals

97
Q

Aspects of Evaluation include

Impact (S)

A

Long-term changes in health status

98
Q

Aspects of Evaluation include

Sustainability

A

Enough resources to continue the program

99
Q

Health Planning

A

Organized and systematic process in which problems are identified, priorities selected, and objectives set for the development of community health programs based on the findings of community health assessments and health surveillance data.

100
Q

Common Themes of current national and international health plans include:

A

Common themes of current national and international health plans include providing health promotion and disease prevention at the population level, addressing social determinants of health, and achieving health equity

101
Q

Levels of Health Planning

A

Global

National and state levels

Community Health (12 decks)

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