Chapter 1 Flashcards
Exam 1
What is health:
Holistic state of well-being including soundness of mind, body, and spirit
What is wellness:
Health plus the capacity to develop a person’s potential leading to a fulfilling and productive life
What is illness?
State of being relatively unhealthy
CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC HEALTH:
What does public health involve?
Public health involves organized efforts to improve the health of communities rather than individuals.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC HEALTH:
What is the central goal of public health?
The central goal of public health is the reduction of disease through prevention and the improvement of health in the community, both nationally and internationally.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Governmental Agencies and Public Health include:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
State and local health departments
PUBLIC HEALTH COMMITMENTS TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES include:
World Health Organization
Refugee and disaster-relief assistance
Multilateral, bilateral, and nongovernmental organizations as international organizations of health
International Council of Nurses
INTERNATIONAL COUNCILOF NURSES: What is it?
The International Council of Nurses (ICN) is a federation of more than 130 national nurses’ associations, representing more than 13 million nurses worldwide.
NGO: What is it?
A nongovernmental organization (NGO) is an agency that acquires resources from private (vs. public) sources to help others.
PHILANTHROPIES
A philanthropic organization is one that uses endowed funds or private fund-raising to address the needs of individuals, families, and populations
Is the following statement true or false?
Bilateral agencies and organizations conduct their services in two specific countries.
False
Rationale: Bilateral agencies and organizations conduct their services within one specific country.
Is the following statement true or false?
Bilateral agencies and organizations conduct their services within one specific country. What is an example?
United States Agency for International Development(USAID)
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN HEALTH CARE
Three core functions are as follows:
Identify health care issues (Assessment)
Develop health care policies that provide access to services (Policy development)
Ensure services are delivered and outcomes are achieved (Assurance)
MAJOR HEALTHCARE CHANGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Development of patient/client-centered care
Increased use of technology
Increased personal responsibility
TRENDS IN PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES include:
Health status and its determinants
Utilization of healthcare resources
Expenditures and health
Vulnerable populations and healthcare
Is the following statement true or false?
The United States has found the most efficient way to care for all by decreasing health disparities and giving access to care equally.
False
Despite the economic strength of the United States, other industrialized nations have found more efficient and effective ways to care for all by decreasing health disparities and giving access to care equally.
HEALTH CARE CHANGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY
What are social determinants of health?
Social determinants of health are social conditions in which people live, including, income, social status, education, literacy level, home and work environment, support networks, gender, culture, and availability of health services
HEALTH CARE CHANGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY include:
Taking into account social determinants of health and addressing health care disparities
HEALTH CARE CHANGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY
What are healthcare disparities?
Addressing health care disparities, which are differences in health care access and health outcomes experienced by one population in comparison to another group
PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT (PPACA)
What does it provide?
Provide affordable health insurance coverage to most Americans
Lower costs
PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT (PPACA)
What does it improve?
Improve access to primary care
PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT (PPACA)
What does it include?
Preventive care and prescription benefits
PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT (PPACA)
What does it cover?
Cover pre-existing conditions
PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT (PPACA)
What does it extend?
Extend young adults’ coverage
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
A range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
A range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status
Examples include:
Biology, genetics
Individual behavior
Access to health services
Environment in which people are born, live, learn, play, work, and age
HEALTHY PEOPLE: When was it first released?
First released in 1980 based on the 1979 Surgeon General’s report
HEALTHY PEOPLE: What is it?
A comprehensive set of ten-year national public health objectives on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
HEALTHY PEOPLE: What is it used for and by who?
Used by the public health and healthcare communities to guide planning and motivate action
HEALTHY PEOPLE: What did it identify?
Identified emerging public health priorities and helped to align health-promotion resources, strategies, and research
PROGRESS MADE ON PUBLIC HEALTH PRIORITIES SINCE 1990 INITIATION
Leading achievements: Reductions in what?
Reductions in major causes of death, such as heart disease and cancer
Reductions in risk factors, such as smoking, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol
PROGRESS MADE ON PUBLIC HEALTH PRIORITIES SINCE 1990 INITIATION
Leading achievements: Increases in what?
Increases in preventive behaviors, such as childhood vaccinations
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020OVERARCHING GOALS
Attain what?
Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020OVERARCHING GOALS
Achieve what?
Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020OVERARCHING GOALS
Create what?
Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020OVERARCHING GOALS
Promote what?
Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 OVERARCHING GOALS
include:
Attain
Eliminate
Create
Promote
Engage
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 OVERARCHING GOALS
include:
Attaining:
Attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 OVERARCHING GOALS
include:
Eliminating:
Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy to improve the health and well-being of all.
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 OVERARCHING GOALS
include:
Creating:
Create social, physical, and economic environments that promote attaining the full potential for health and well-being for all.
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 OVERARCHING GOALS
include:
Promote:
Promote healthy development, healthy behaviors, and well-being across all life stages.
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 OVERARCHING GOALS
include:
Engage:
Engage leadership, key constituents, and the public across multiple sectors to take action and design policies that improve the health and well-being of all.
HEALTH LITERACY DEFINITION: WHAT’S NEW?
What is there an emphasis on?
Emphasis on people’s ability tousehealth information rather than just understand it
HEALTH LITERACY DEFINITION: WHAT’S NEW?
What is there an focus on?
Focus on the ability to make “well-informed” decisions rather than “appropriate” ones
HEALTH LITERACY DEFINITION: WHAT’S NEW?
What is there an incorporation of?
Incorporation of a public health perspective
HEALTH LITERACY DEFINITION: WHAT’S NEW?
What is there an acknowledgement of?
Acknowledging that organizations have a responsibility to address health literacy
Social Determinants of Health include:
Education (access and quality)
Economic stability
Healthcare (Access and Quality)
Neighborhood and Built Environment
Social and Community Context
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 LAUNCHED AUGUST 2020
New focus on well-being:
Increased focus on health equity, health literacy, and social determinants of health (SDoH)
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 LAUNCHED AUGUST 2020
Builds on what?
Builds on the analysis of and knowledge gained from the previous four decades of work and end-of-decade assessments that evaluate the progress toward achieving the ten-year objectives
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030IN FIVE CATEGORIES
- Health conditions
- Health behaviors
- Populations
- Settings and Systems
- Social determinants of health
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030IN FIVE CATEGORIES
Health conditions
Addiction
Heart Disease and Stroke
Infectious Diseases
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030IN FIVE CATEGORIES
Health Behaviors
Vaccination
Physical Activity
Health Communication
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030IN FIVE CATEGORIES
Populations
LGBT
Older Adults
People with Disabilities
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030IN FIVE CATEGORIES
Setting and Systems
Community
Public Health Infrastructure
Global Health
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030IN FIVE CATEGORIES
Social Determinants of Health
Economic Stability
Neighborhood and Built Environment
Education Access and Quality
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2030 LEADING HEALTH INDICATORS
Children, adolescents, and adults who use the oral health care system (2+ years)
Consumption of calories from added sugars by persons aged 2 years and over (2+ years)
Drug overdose deaths
Exposure to unhealthy air
Homicides
Household food insecurity and hunger
Persons who are vaccinated annually against seasonal influenza
Persons who know their HIV status (13+ years)
Persons with medical insurance (<65 years)
Suicides
COMMUNITY: What is it?
A collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity or belonging.
COMMUNITY:
What do they hold?
Holding common rights and privileges
COMMUNITY:
What do they share?
Sharing common interests
COMMUNITY:
How do they live?
Living under the same laws and regulations
THREE TYPES OF COMMUNITIES
Geographic
Common interest
Community of solution
THREE TYPES OF COMMUNITIES:
Geographic:
city, town, neighborhood
THREE TYPES OF COMMUNITIES:
Common interest:
church, professional organization, support groups
THREE TYPES OF COMMUNITIES:
Community of solution =
group of people who come together to solve a problem that affects all of them (Flint, Michigan Water Crisis)
PUBLIC/COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Population-based practice, defined as a synthesis of nursing and public health within the context of preventing disease and disability and promoting and protecting the health of the entire community
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING:
Who is the client or unit of care?
Population is the client or unit of care.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING:
What is the primary obligation?
Primary obligation is to achieve greatest good for greatest number of people or population as a whole
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING:
What are the processes used?
Processes used include working with the client as an equal partner.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING:
What is the priority?
Primary prevention is the priority.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING:
Why are strategies made?
Strategies are selected to create healthy environmental, social, and economic conditions in which populations may thrive.
POPULATIONS AND AGGREGATES
Population:
People occupying the same geographic area
Those sharing one or more characteristics
Specific groups of people
POPULATIONS AND AGGREGATES
Aggregate:
A mass or grouping of distinct individuals who are considered as a whole, and who are loosely associated with one another
Groupings of people
POPULATIONS AND AGGREGATES
What are types of aggregates?
Types of aggregates: communities and populations
Public Health: What is it? What doe it focus on?
A subset of health care focused on improving the health outcomes and overall well-being of the public at large rather than individual patients.
Public Health:
What is it primarily used for?
Used primarily to describe the health practices and policies of local and federal governments, public health encompasses a wide range of duties, responsibilities, and jobs that all work to ensure positive health outcomes for the public and all the various communities comprising it.
Population Health:
Subset of public health focused on improving the well-being and health outcomes of a specific group of people or community within the public at large.
Population Health:
What do healthcare officials working in population health focus their efforts on?
Health care professionals working in population health usually focus their efforts on very specific groups defined by such common demographic factors as geographic location, ethnicity, age, or a shared disability.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING:
What is there an obligation for?
There is an obligation to actively reach out to all who might benefit from a specific activity.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
What is done to assure best overall improvement in health of population?
Optimal use of available resources to assure best overall improvement in health of population is a key element.
TRENDS:
75% of total health care spending is on behaviorally-based health problems: Top 4:
Obesity
Substance use/abuse
Violence
Sexual risks
TRENDS:
When do the largest lifetime expenditures for healthcare typically occur?
Largest lifetime expenditures for healthcare typically occur in the final 6 WEEKS of existence.
TRENDS:
What are the largest lifetime expenditures for healthcare typically used for?
Expenditures usually for extraordinary measures and procedures in critical care, not for comfort or quality of life.
TRENDS:
What percent of healthcare spending is for hospital care?
Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) reports that 31% of health care spending is for hospital care.
CHRONIC DISEASES
Top 10 Most Expensive Chronic Diseases
Cardiovascular Diseases
Smoking-related issues
Alcohol-related issues
Diabetes
Alzheimer’s Disease
Cancer
Obesity
Arthritis
Asthma
Stroke
USPHSCC
The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC), also referred to as the Commissioned Corps of the United States Public Health Service, is the federal uniformed service of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) and is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States.
