chp 1&2 Flashcards
human biological science
scientific study of human both as individuals and within populations, and how they interact with the environment
what is science
process of inquiry
body of knowledge gained by observation and testing of ideas
prehistory
before written records
anthropology
biological, cultural, geographical, historical aspects of human
primatologist
non human primates
archeology
material evidence
psychology
human behaviour
anatomy
structure of body
molecular biology
macromolecules of the cell
sociology
nature of human society
biochemistry
chemistry of living things
genetics
inheritance
cytology
cells
demography
statistical study of population
embryology
fertilisation to birth
nutrition
food requirements
palaeontology
fossils
physiology
living things
how scientists investigate
literature reviews: reviewing past discoveries
observation: information gathered using senses/ instruments that enhance senses
classifying: placing things in groups based on similarity of characteristics
experimentation: designed to support/disprove hypothesis
how do scientists avoid bias or error
objectivity: scientists shouldn’t allow thoughts/feelings influence recording or interpretation of results
repetition
doing multiple trials, measurements related and averages calculated
replication
another person repeating/ recreating the experiment to get similar results
reliability
how well an experiment gives the same results each time it is performed, improved by repetition
validity
experiment is valid when an experiment tests what it is meant to test. is fair, IV controlled well
placebo
fake treatment
effect: physiological effect on human body by taking a placebo drug to see if the drug has an effect. medical treatment that is inert. triggered by belief in treatment, stress can develop diseases
scientific method steps
- recognise a problem and define a question
- Collection of information related to the problem
- make a hypothesis
- test the hypothesis using an experiment
- Collection of data: analyse and interpret
- draw conclusions about whether the hypothesis was supported or disproved
experimental error
human: simply a mistake (take care and check)
Random: unpredictable errors (take several measurements and average)
systematic: due to experiment design (change experimental procedure)
ethical considerations
safety: should not present danger to participants and investigators
ethics: moral principles
1. voluntary participation
2. informed consent
3. no risk of harm
4. confidentiality
5. anonymity
