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Micro-EX2- Tye > Chlamydia - Bailey > Flashcards

Chlamydia - Bailey Flashcards

1
Q

Chalmydiae is gram ______ & has ______ outer membrane.

A
  • Negative

- LPS

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2
Q

True or false, Chlamydiae has no peptidoglycan in the cell walls?

A

True!

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3
Q

What is the size of Chlamydiae?

A

Small (.25um - .8um)

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4
Q

______ is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world & the most common agent of sexually transmitted bacterial infections.

A

Chlamydial infections

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5
Q

How do Chlamydial infections occur? Exposure? Infection? Spread?

A 
Exposure = Droplet or direct contact.
Infection = mucosal epithelial cells
*Localized usually eyes, lungs & genitalia
Spread by the 4 F's:
Fingers
Flies
Fomites
Fornication
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6
Q

Chlamydial are “energy parasites” this means they depend on the host for _____.

A

ATP

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7
Q

Chlamydiae is classified as a _______.

A

Obligate intracellular pathogen

*Grows only inside or on live tissues (Human, animals, insects..)

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8
Q

What are the 4 species of Chlamydia?

A
  1. C. trachomatis
  2. C. pneumoniae
  3. C. psittaci
  4. C. pecorum
    * 1 & 2 are primarily human pathogens
    * 3 & 4 are primarily animal pathogens but can cause disease in humans
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9
Q

Tell me about C. Trachomatis infections in men and women…

A

Genital tract infections
Men = prosititis , epididymitis
Women = Cervicitis, PID, premature births, pelvic pain & newborn eye and lung infection.
Both = Urethritis, infertility, proctitis and arthritis.
*Usually asymptomatic in females.

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10
Q

True or false?

C. trachomatis infections are always chronic?

A

False! They can be acute or chronic.

*During birth infants can contract an infection leading to conductivity and pneumonia if the mother has C. Trachomatis.

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11
Q

Describe how C. Trachomatis enters the cell….

A
  • While still outside the cell it exists in Elementary body transit form (EB)
  • The EB’s masquerade as nutrients, growth factor, hormones to bind to specific receptors
  • EB’s are then internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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12
Q

How do EB’s modify the endocytic vesicle?

A

2 ways!

  • maintain pH above 6.2 preventing vesicle from fusion with lysosomes
  • Vesicle is also modified with host components (glycolipids) for camouflage.
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13
Q

After infiltration of the cell, infectious EB’s change into what?

A

Larger intracellular active organisms called (RB’s)

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14
Q

What do RB’s do?

A

Synthesize molecules using host metabolites and energy

*Divide by binary fission.

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15
Q

How quickly do RB’s develop?

A

Slowly

2-3 days per cycle

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16
Q

How do RB’s uptake nutrients?

A

They have tubelike structures that act as straws and allow them to feed on the eukaryotic host cell without leaving the inclusive vacuole. *18-23 hollow tubes per RB.

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17
Q

What is Trachoma?

A

Ideas caused by strain of C. trachomitis.

  • Inflammation of the conductive can cause blindness, scarring of cornea.
  • spread by direct contact with eye, nose and throat secretions from affected individuals or indirect contact (Washcloth) .
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18
Q

What is Lymphogranuloma Venerum?

A

an STD.

-Systemic, invasive infection apparent in the lymph nodes that drain the genital tract. (Not as common is US)

19
Q

What is quite possibly the most prevalent chlamydial pathogen in the human population?

A

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

- 50% of people up to age 20 have been infected, 80% of older people have.

20
Q

_________ can be directly observed in 40-100% of patients with atherosclerotic heart lesions.

A

Chlamydophlia pneumoniae

21
Q

What is the treatment for Chlamydia?

A

Antibiotics must be maintained for a long time because the organisms grow slow.

There are 4 membranes that must be penetrated:

  1. host cell plasma membrane
  2. Inclusion membrane
  3. Chlamydial outer membrane
  4. Chlamydial cytoplasmic membrane

*Antimicrobial target active RB’s

22
Q

What are the characteristics of Rickettsiae? (3 things)

A
  • small gram negative rods
  • Obligate intracellular bacteria
  • *Zoonoses = infections transmitted from animals to humans.
23
Q

Describe how Rickettsiae obtains “energy”…

A
  • NOT a energy parasite like Chlamydiae

* Can synthesize some of their own ATP and are capable of independent metabolism.

24
Q

How is Rickettsiae transmitted?

A

Ticks! aka (Bloodstream)

  • Larva ticks feed on rodents and then on large mammals as adults (Where they can become infected with R. Rickettsii)
  • They can then infect a human if they bite them.
  • Once a tick is infected it is infected for life.
25
Q

How does Rickettsaie spread and multiply in the bloodstream?

A
  • Attaches to small blood vessels and induces endocytosis

- once inside, they lyse the phagosome and enter the cytosol.

26
Q

What is the mode of exit for Rickettsaie?

A

Mode of exit varies…

  • R. Prowazekii exists by cell lysis
  • R. rickettsia get extruded from the cell through local projections (Filopodia) *actin in the host cell helps push the bacteria through this projection)
  • R. tsutsugamushi exits bu budding through the cell membrane (remains enveloped in host cell membrane as it infects other cells.
27
Q

What does Rickettsiae do to the host?

A

Lysis of the cells result in leakage of blood which causes a rash (Hemorrhagic spots)

  • Organisms can travel to other vessels including brain and heart.
  • 75% of patients will clear the infection even before antimicrobial treatment.
28
Q

What are the 3 Typhus group fevers?

A
  1. R. Prowazekii
  2. R. Typhi
  3. Orientia tsutsugamushi (scrub typhus)
29
Q

What causes typhus fever?

A

R. Prowazekii (Transmitted by human lice) *Reservoir is humans and flying squirrels

30
Q

What causes murine typhus?

A

R. Typhi

*transmitted by rats and rat fleas.

31
Q

What is unique about Scrub typhus?

A

NO RASH! unlike the others.

- caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi

32
Q

What is Ehrlichia? Transmission? Infection? Symptoms?

A
  • Its an obligate intracellular bacteria
  • Transmitted by Lone Star Tick (This is the Walker Texas Ranger of ticks)
  • Infects mostly monocytes and macrophages.
  • symptoms include: fever, malaise, headache and myalgia.
  • Develops in host cell vacuoles first last reticulate cells and then as dense core cells.
33
Q

How is Rickettsioses diagnosed? (4 ways)

A
  • antibody filters
  • fluorescent antibody assay
  • Complement fixation
  • Latex agglutination
34
Q

4 Fun facts about Mycoplasma! GO!

A
  • Smallest organisms capable of growth on cell free media.
  • Lack a cell wall (Not sensitive to penicillin!)
  • Cell membranes contain sterols
  • Found in other mammals and birds.
35
Q

What are the 4 species of Mycoplasma?

A
  • M. pneumoniae (Primary atypical pneumonia)
  • M.genitalium, M. hominis & Ureaplasma urealyticum (These last 3 cause Genitourinary tract infections)
  • Some mycoplasmas are part of the normal human flora.
36
Q

What are the reservoirs of M. Pneumoniae?

A

Humans only!

37
Q

What is “walking pneumonia”?

A

Primary atypical pneumonia, not cleared by penicillin.

38
Q

How is M.Pneumonia transmitted and where does it infect?

A
  • Transmitted by respiratory droplets.

- Adhere to respiratory epithelium.

39
Q

The main cells of the inflammatory response associated with M. Pneumonia are ________.

A

Lymphocytes

40
Q

True or false, M.Pneumonia is highly destructive to tissues….(body tissues not kleenex)

A

False! However it does impair ciliary function.

41
Q

What “other” damage can M.pneumonia do?

A
  • Hemolytic anemia = detectable in 50% of cases.
  • Encephalitis
  • Erythema multiforme (rash)
42
Q

_______ is the newest emerging human pathogen.

A

M. Genitalium (a lot like M. Pneumoniae)

43
Q

______ & _______ are frequently associated with diseases in newborns (commonly found in the respiratory tract and genitourinary tracts)

A

M. Hominis & U. Urealyticum

* can be isolated from the spinal fluid of newborns, yet don’t always cause disease.

Micro-EX2- Tye (12 decks)

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