Chirality And Carbonyls Flashcards

1
Q

Optical isomers

A

4 different groups on a C
Mirror image but not super imposable

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2
Q

Chiral

A

Atom in molecule that exists as non-superimposable

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3
Q

Asymmetric

A

C joined to 4 different groups

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4
Q

Enantiomers

A

Pair of molecules that exist as optical isomers

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5
Q

Polarised vs unpolarised light

A

Oscillations on one plane
Oscillations on any plane

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6
Q

Polarimetry

A

Some fibres absorb all light expect one plane
Monochromatic light —> polariser
Polarised light —> sample tube
Plane rotates if optically active
2nd polarised rotated to max light intensity
Angle recorded
Unpolarised —> polarised

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7
Q

Optical activity

A

Different directions of polarisation planes
CW +
ACW -

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8
Q

Enantiomer physical properties

A

Identical
Expect PoP rotation

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9
Q

Enantiomer chemical properties

A

Identical
Except reaction with other enantiomers

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10
Q

Racemic mixture

A

Race mate
50:50 mix of enantiomers

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11
Q

Drug industry and enantiomers

A

Optically active
Often 1 Enantiomer works
In/on cell receptor
Only 1 Enantiomer fits
Other could be dangerous
Separate, difficult, expensive
Sell, dangerous, wasteful
Alternative synthesis

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12
Q

Aldehyde FG

A

RCHO
End of chain

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13
Q

Aldehyde suffix

A

Al

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14
Q

When are aldehydes formed

A

Oxidation of P alcohols

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15
Q

Properties of aldehydes

A

Short chain - unpleasant smell, soluble (HB with water not each other)
Long chain - perfume
Alkanes < bp < ketones, acid, alcohol

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16
Q

Properties of ketones

A

Short chain - solvents, soluble (HB with water not each other)
Alkanes, aldehydes < bp < acid, alcohol

17
Q

Carbonyls

A

C=O
Aldehydes/ketones
Nucleophilic addition
Electronegative
Nucleophile attacks C*+

18
Q

Bonding and properties of carbonyls

A

Polar/permanent dipole
Very strong
Sigma and pi bonding
High electron density around O

19
Q

Oxidation test A VS K

A

Acidified potassium dichromate, water bath,
Aldehyde: O (6+)—> G (3+), A —> CA
Ketone: no change

20
Q

Fehling’s/Benedict’s solution A VS K

A

Water bath
Aldehyde: deep blue solution (11+) —> brick red ptte (1+), A —> CA
Ketone: no change

21
Q

Tollen’s solution A VS K

A

V hot water bath
Aldehyde: colourless (red 1+) —> silver mirror (solid Ag)
Ketone: no change

22
Q

Reduction A VS K

A

H- nucelophile
LiAlH4
Lithium aluminium hydride
Dry + acid, no water, powerful, reacts with water, flames

23
Q

A VS K iodine reactions

A

Yellow insoluble solid, CHI3
Alkaline solution, warmed, pooled
Ethanol, Propan2ol, butan2ol give positive results and carbonyls
3 H in CH3 substituted with I using OH-
Carbonyl + I2 + OH- —> CHI3 + RCOO- + I- + H2O
CI3 bond broken triiodomethane and acid salt

24
Q

Brady’s reagant A VS K

A

Most carbonyl compounds
Brightly coloured orange solid
Derivatives have different melting points
Makes a hydrazone
Purified, filtered, dried