China Warlord era & civil war Flashcards
Yuan Shih Kai dies
1916
Led to period of in-fighting among army commanders
Duan Qirui emerged as premier
China enters WW1
1917,
Sun Yat-Sen establishes regional govt in Canton
1917
Here he developed ideas of organisation that increased KMT’s popularity
May 4th movement
1919
In response to govt’s weak response to Versailles giving Japan Shandong
Anti-imperialist movement mostly among students & intellectuals in cities
Started with protest on May 4th in Beijing
Sought to replace Confucian values and continue late Qing reforms
Many political and social leaders emerged here, including in the CCP
CCP founded
1921
Founded by Chen Duxiu
Soviet relationship to China?
Lenin encouraged anti-imperialist movement in China, although early Soviets believed China lacked material conditions to transition to socialism
Lenin believed capitalism in 20th century was dependent on imperialist exploitation of 3rd by imperial powers
believed anti-imperialist movement could destabilise worldwide capitalism & speed up revolution in places ready for it
Sent aid to KMT for this reason
What was Sun Yat-Sen’s relationship to communism?
Tolerated Communists joining as individuals
Didn’t see communism as solution to China’s problems: China not rich & poor, but Poor & poorer
KMT & CCP Form 1st united front
1924
Originally formed as alliance to end warlordism in China
CCP wanted to use it to spread communism within KMT
Chiang Kai-Shek later used it to control CCP from inside
Sun Yat-Sen dies
1925
Lead to power struggle in KMT
Chiang Kai-Shek believed himself to be next in line, already in control of NRA
Canton Purge
1926
purged Communists & Soviet advisors from Whampoa & his NRA
Becomes leader of KMT
The Northern Expedition
1926-28
Chiang Kai-Shek followed through with plans set by Sun Yat-Sen to unify China
Shanghai Massacre
1927
CCP leader Zhou Enlai organised uprising in Shanghai against warlords controlling the city
They defeated warlords & governed most of urban Shanghai before NRA arrived
Right & left wing of Kuomintang alarmed by power of communists, & determined their actions as anti-revolutionary & voted to purge Communists from KMT
ended United Front
Launched purification movement
Who was Du Yueshang?
Leader of Green Gang, originally supported communists in Shanghai against water but then turned around & allied himself with KMT in Shanghai massacre
Autumn Harvest Uprising
1927, late response to Shanghai Massacre
led by Mao Zedong in Changsha, Hunan
CCP’s deliberate defiance of Moscow
failed bc didn’t gather enough troops
Mao had to flee
Started Chinese civil war
Nanjing Decade
1927-37
Started after KMT took over Nanjing & established new based there
Now official govt of china
Characterised by communist suppression
Japan Invades Manchuria
1931
Happened after incident at Mukden railway
With rise of KMT under Chiang Kai-Shek, Japan was losing influence in Manchuria
1932 established puppet state
Chiang Kai-Shek follows policy of non-resistance, didn’t believe China could win war with Japanese
wanted to focus on Communists
didn’t have control of whole of China yet, many areas under control of warlords & CCP
Mao Zedong elected chairman of Soviet Republic of China
1931
Soviet republic was just one province, the jiangxi province
Long March
1934-35
Communist forces abandoned Jiangzi soviet in order to break encirclement & establish new base elsewhere
Used guerilla tactics
Soldiers followed eight points of attention
lost most of personal
Makes it to Yan’an Shaanxi soviet, lead by Kao Kang
Shaanxi soviets accept Mao as leader
New life movement
1934
Chiang Kai-Shek’s attempt at cultural reform promoting morality & Confucian values as part of anti-communist & anti-corruption campaign
9th of December movement
by 1935, Japanese had spread out to 6 other neighbouring provinces in Northern China
Chiang agreed to withdraw KMT forces from Beijing
recognised occupied provinces as autonomous regions administered by pro-Japanese officials
Students in Beijing, Shanghai & Wuhan then took to the streets to protest
Xi’an mutiny
1936
Chiang Kai-Shek arrested by members of the Northeastern army led by Zhang Xueliang
Zhang demanded a ceasefire in Chinese civil so KMT & CCP could ally against Japanese expansionism
resulted in 2nd united front
Land Reform In the Yan’an Soviet
Started by the Land Law of the Chinese Soviet Republic from 1931
Land was confiscated from anyone who derived income from the exploitation of other’s labour (Landlords & rich peasants)
rich peasants were entitled to receive lower quality land if they farmed it themselves, but landlords got no compensation
Reach Red army man would be given a plot of land
Incident that started 2nd Sino-Japanese war
1937
Japanese carry out training exercise that Chinese misinterpret as invasion
Nanjing massacre
1937
Mass murder of Chinese civilians by Japanese soldiers in capital of Nanjing
