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History SL > China textbook > Flashcards

China textbook Flashcards

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1
Q

Conditions before

A
  • incompetent Qing dynasty, unequal treaties, backward economy, defeat by Japan 1895, regular famines
  • Sun Yatsen formed GMD to remove Qings and modernise
  • Yuanshikai president of new republic 1912, also incapable
  • warlord era 1915
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2
Q

Demonstrations in anger at Paris Peace COnference and government

A

May 4th 1919

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3
Q

Mao founding member of CCP

A

1921

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4
Q

Survived Chiang Kaishek’s betrayal of the united front by exacping to Jiangxi

A

1927

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5
Q

Jiangxi era

A

1927-34 developed communism

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6
Q

Futian incident

A

1930 4,000 troops purged and executed

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7
Q

Long march

A

1934-5 6,000 mile journey. Enhanced Mao’s reputation and authority and won peasant support on the way

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8
Q

Yanan era

A

1935-45 Mao claimed leadership of CCP, developed communist soviet. Occupied surroundings with Red Army

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9
Q

Red Army ‘Code of Conduct’

A

win over peasants, end usury, medical services and educational programs initiated

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10
Q

CCP growth 1937-45

A

40,000 to 1million

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11
Q

Mao’s adaptation of ideology

A

adapted Marxist-Leninism for China, the peasants were the source of revolution

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12
Q

Opposed by marxists eg Wang Ming. Survived criticism because

A

long march, unrivalled knowledge of peasantry, intense self-belief and determination, indispensable military planner

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13
Q

‘Rectification of Conduct campaign’

A

1942-44, 1,000 party members imprisoned and tortured

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14
Q

Mao’s early Cult status

A

Maoism, elected chairman 1943, by 1945 the ‘Great Helmsman’. By now he had consolidated authority but not a SPS

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15
Q

Japanese invasion of Manchuria and lose

A

1931-45 CCP the defenders of China

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16
Q

Civil War, nationalist weakness and communist strength

A

1945-49: poor commanders, bad training, low morale, ineffective use of american weapons. Mao’s leadership, red army’s survival skills and support of peasantry, resisted Russian interference

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17
Q

PRC declared

A

October 1st 1949: China under military control

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18
Q

reality of the running of the country

A

not the will of the people but the government and CCP. Nothing could be done of which Mao disapproved.

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19
Q

Reunification Campaigns

A

1950 further imposed military control. Tibet, Xinjiang, Guandong. Martial law

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20
Q

anti movements

A

1950 deliberately created atmosphere of fear and uncertainty. Encouraged informants, Dangan dossier etc.

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21
Q

Korean War

A

1950, more solidarity and further control

22
Q

anti landlord campaign

A

1950s land confiscated and redistributed, public trial and denunciation, up to 1 million landlords killed

23
Q

100 flowers campaign

A

1957 debate encouraged, criticism mounted, then criticisers condemned, arrested and imprisoned. Affected by de-stalinisation? still crushed opposition.

24
Q

‘100 flowers was to deliberately expose critics and remove opposition’

A

Jung Chang

25
Q

‘Seeking genuine criticism to silence the bureaucrats’

A

Lee Feignon

26
Q

economic goals

A

to develop industrially and surpass the world. Also to break the soviet grip (loans and materials)

27
Q

Great Leap Forward

A

1957-62. Peasants provide food surplus to sell abroad to fund expansion. Workers create an industrial economy. 40 million died due to ineffective collectives.

28
Q

opposition to Mao from GLF

A

1959 Peng Dehuai recounted horrors of famines at Lushan party gathering. No one backed him up

29
Q

Solution to GLF problems

A

appoint Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi to tackle famines and abandon collectives. Retreat into background

30
Q

Motives for return in cultural revolution

A

fear of losing control, age, paranoia, resentment over damaged reputation, international rivalry (felt the USSR were betraying communism)

31
Q

the Cult of Mao enabled CR

A

Lin Biao, little red book 750 million sold in first 4 years, saturated everything

32
Q

attack on revisionism

A

August Rally 1966- 1 million young people, four olds declared. Young were the power of Mao, attacked willfully. Red guards ‘it is right to rebel’.

33
Q

removed Deng and Liu for

A

‘taking a bourgeois, reactionary line’ after GLF

34
Q

Up to the mountains, down to the villages

A

1970-72 a bit too manic so Red guards sent to learn manual labour, replaced by PLA

35
Q

cleansing of the class ranks

A

1968-71 GO4 eradicating all signs of capitalism, widespread killing and destruction, terror campaign

36
Q

Final phase of CR

A

momentum was lost, doubt sown over Lin Biao affair in 1971. Laogai further enforced

37
Q

Effects of Laogai

A

10 million prisoners a year. 27 million died. By 1976 over 1,000 camps across China

38
Q

mao’s view of Culture

A

the product of the ruling class, artist’ first duty was to serve the revolution

39
Q

Jiang Qing

A

Cultural purifier of the nation. rigid censorship only directly ‘relevant’ themes allowed. Commissioned works replaced opera, undermined all tradition all about revolution and triumph of proletariat

40
Q

Poet Yan Yen’s comment on culture

A

‘the cultural trademark of my generation is that we have no culture’ old culture simply paralysed rather than creating a new one

41
Q

Religion seen as

A

‘superstitions cultivated to exploit and suppress the people’

42
Q

anti religion campaign

A

1950 land and property seized, clergy abused

43
Q

condemnation of religion

A

posters and loudspeakers, slogan-ridden society

44
Q

eradication?

A

unable to as so deeply ingrained. During CR attacks intensified ‘confucius and co’ as denunciation. difficult to control outlying areas and borders eg Tibet

45
Q

Women’s traditional role before

A

subordinate, shoes etc.

46
Q

new marriage law

A

1950: concubinage forbidden, arranged marriages ended, divorce entitled. Actually threatened to prove so disruptive that PLA had legal right to overrule a divorce

47
Q

Women in collectives

A

no longer the burden of feeding a family. But lost their previous right to own land from the land redistribution. Equal to men, same workload

48
Q

Workforce of women increase from 1949-76

A

8% to 32%

49
Q

Better conditions for women?

A

female babies still rendered inferior, advocacy of women’s rights but in reality still male dominated, over worked.

50
Q

Women in politics

A

only 13% of CCP members women. National People’s congress 14% to 23% 1954-75, not a priority obviously.

History SL (9 decks)

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