Children's speech Flashcards
What did Guenther (2016) say about the neurology if children’s speech?
- production of speech requires diverse information sources to generate intricate pattern of muscle movement for fluency
- sources include auditory, somatosensory, and motor representations
- a large portion of the cerebral cortex is involves in the simplest speech talk
What is the DIVA model?
- directions into velocities of articulators
- new speech sounds are learnt by first storing an auditory target for the sound, then using autitory feedback control systems to control productions of a sound in early repititions
- repeated production of that sound leads to tuning of feed forward commands which eventually surplants feedback based control systems
Define articulation
The physiological movements modifying airflow to produce speech sounds, using the vocal tract above the larynx
Define phonetics
a branch of linguistics that focuses on production and classification of the world’s speech sounds
Define phonology
concerns speech-sound systems of languages, how meaning is contrasted and how phonemes may be sequences to form words
Define morphology
the study of internal structure of words and how they can be analysed into elements
Define perception
includes discrimination from environmental sounds and perception of known phonemes from not known and phonetic variations
Define discrimination
happens at different levels: sound, syllable, word, and from close phonological forms and withing multisyllabic words
What are Shribergs early middle and late 8?
Age 2;0-3;11
/p/. /b/, /m/, /d/, /n/, /h/, /w/, /j/
Age 4;0-4;11
/t/, /k/, /g/, /ŋ/, /f/, /dʒ/, /tʃ/, /v/
Age 5;0-6;11
/l/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /ˈð/, /θ/, /ɹ/
What were McLeod and Crowe (2018)’s updated ages for phonemes?
Age 2;0-3;11
/p/. /b/, /m/, /d/, /n/, /h/, /w/, /j/, /t/, /k/, /g/, /ŋ/, /f/
Age 4;0-4;11
/dʒ/, /tʃ/, /v/,/l/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/
Age 5;0-6;11
/ʒ/, /ˈð/, /θ/, /ɹ/
Define delay
- child demonstrating typical developmental processes but beyond the age at which they would usually be expected
- typical patterns are usually seen in fewer than 90% of peers
Define disorder
- child demonstrating atypical patterns of development
- disorder patterns seen in fewer than 10% of children at any age
What were Morgan et al’s (2017) findings?
- 164/1494 4yos had speech errors
- 93 followed up at age 7
-56 had delay: 39 resolved, 17 persistent - 37 had disorder: 15 resolved, 22 persistent
How is a differential diagnosis conducted?
- apply a systematic approach to assessment and analysis
- know what is typical for the age and language context of the child
-analyse the data collected
How many children have SSD?
3.5-5% of 4yos
What are the long term impacts of SSD?
- difficulty with recall/calculation
- difficulty with language, literacy, mathematical thinking and approaches to learning
- less independent
-more frustration - withdrawal and social problems
- bullying
- decreased school enjoyment and connection
- increased remedial assistance
- occupational differences
- harrassment
What are red flags for SSDs?
- failure or late onset of cannonical babbling
- otitis media with effusion between 12 & 18 mo
- glottal replacement
- initial consonant deletion
- small phonetic inventory
- inventory constraints
- backing
- vowel errors
- persisting FCD
- critical age hypothesis
What are early childhood predictors of risk for SSDs?
- weak sucking at 4wks
-not often combining words at 4mos - limited use of morphology at 38 mo
- unintelligible to strangers at 38 mo
What are school age predictors of SSDs?
- maternal report of difficulty reporting certain sounds and hearing impairment by age 7
-tympanostomy insertion at any age up to 8 - history of coordination problems
What are Harrison and McLeod’s (2010) risk and protective child factors?
- male (risk)
- ongoing hearing problems (risk)
- ongoing ear infections (risk)
- being breastfed (protective)
- temperament: perstistance (protective), reactivity (risk)
What are Harrison and McLeod’s (2010) risk and protective parent facctors?
- maternal wellbeing (protective)
- parents speaking other languages (protective)
What are Harrison and McLeod’s (2010) risk and protective family factors?
- presence of older sibling (protective/risk)
What are the types of SSD?
phonology
- phonological impairment
- inconsistent speech
motor speech
- articulation impairment
- CAS
- childhood dysarthria
Define phonological impairment
A cognitive linguistic difficulty with learning the phonological system of a language characterised by pattern based errors
Define inconsistent speech disorder
A phonological assembly difficulty without accompanying oromotor difficulties, characterised by inconsistent production of the same lexical items
Define articulation impairment
A motor speech difficulty involving the physical production of speech characterised by speech errors typically involving the distortion of sibilants and rhotics
Define CAS
A motor speech disorder involving difficulty planning and programming movement sequences resulting ion errors in speech sound production and prosody
Define childhood dysarthria
A motor speech disorder involving difficulty with the sensotimotor control processes involved in speech production
What is the cause of SSD (Luders et al., 2017)?
- heterogenicity
- multifactoral genetic and environmental factors agreed
- specific aetiology unknown
Define articulation
how sounds are physically produced (respiration, phonation, resonance)
Define articulation disorder
-difficulties with the motor processes that result in speech
Define phonology
-how sounds are put together to form words
- how sounds contrast and convey meaning
Define phonological disorder
-difficulties with the systems and patterns of phoneme usage
- disorder of the speech sound function
What unusual patterns of error may be seen in phonological disorders?
- the persistence of a process beyond expected age range
- backing
- predominance of one sound
- sound substitutions not following typical patterns
- the emergence of ‘later’ developing sounds before ‘earlier’ developing sounds
What is independent analysis?
- independent of the adult form
- what sounds did they attempt
- what sounds are they using
- what is their phonetic inventory
What is rational analysis?
in relation or comparison to the adult form
- what sounds are omitted
- what sounds are changed and how
- what phonemes do they have productive phonological knowledge of
What data is needed for SSD assessment?
- 50 common words in their vocab
- two-word phrases or two syllable words
- can they copy any sounds they are missing
- tone, volume, prosody
- connected speech sample
- analyse the data: which are articulatory and which are phonological
- is more evidence and analysis needed
