Childhood Disorders

Question 1

What are the difficulties in assessing childhood disorders?

Answer 1

May be age-specific variations that make it hard to see what’s normal behav

Parents and teachers tend to provide differing info

Question 2

Externalizing problems vs Internalizing problems

Answer 2

Disorders of uncontrollable behav
ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD)

Disorders of overcontrolled behav
Separation anxiety disorder (SAD), disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

Question 3

Comorbity

Answer 3

Co-occurrence of 2+ disorders

Question 4

Homotypic continuity vs Heterotypic continuity

Answer 4

Receiving same diagnosis again in future

Receiving different psychiatric diagnosis in future

Question 5

What are the symptoms of ADHD grouped into?

Answer 5

Hyperactivity
Inattention
Impulsivity

Question 6

Do boys or girls get affected more by:
ADHD-H
ADHD-HI
ADHD- I

Answer 6

Boy
Boys
Girls

Question 7

Affects of ADHD on brain structure and function

Answer 7

• Decreased brain size
• Abnormal metabolism of dopamine and noradrenergic neurotransmitters (and in the functioning of genes regulating them)
• Abnormalities in prefrontal cortex (executive functioning) and basal ganglia (motor control, learning, memory and cognition, emotional regulation)

Question 8

What is the heritability of ADHD?

Answer 8

77%

Question 9

Prenatal and psychosocial risk factors of ADHD

Answer 9

• Prenatal toxin exposure (poor diet, antidepressants, alcohol, smoking, etc)
• Low SES, poor maternal mental health, child maltreatment, foster care placement, family dysfunction

Question 10

Diathesis-stress perspective

Answer 10

Environmental stressors affect individuals who have underlying genetic vulnerability the most

Question 11

Ritalin and mind blanking

Answer 11

Mind blanking common in ADHD
Ritalin helps revert level of mind blanking to baseline, but can cause more mind wandering

Question 12

Interventions for ADHD:
Pharmacological
Psychoeducational
Academic
Parent training

Answer 12

Pharmacological - Ritalin

Psychoeducational - Caretaker is taught about ADHD and how to facilitate development

Academic skill facilitation and remediation - Modifications to child’s school day to accommodate ADHD symptoms

Parent training - Teach parents how to manage ADHD symptoms and modify behav

Question 13

True or false
Girls are 3-4 times more likely than boys to meet the diagnostic criteria for CD
Girls are more likely to be diagnosed with CD at a later age than boys
Slightly more girls are diagnosed with ODD

Answer 13

False
Bots are 3-4 times more likely than girls to meet the diagnostic criteria for CD

True
Girls are more likely to be diagnosed with CD at a later age than boys

False
Slightly more boys are diagnosed with ODD

Question 14

Assortative mating
(Conduct disorder, CD)

Answer 14

Females with CD tend to marry males with CD

Question 15

Failure model
Acting out model

Answer 15

Engaging in externalizing behav increases probability of experiencing social failure, causing internalizing problems

Youth mask their mood problems by behaving aggressively

Question 16

What comes before antisocial personality disorder (APD)?

Answer 16

Conduct disorder (CD)
- Usually comes after oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

Question 17

Heredity of ODD and CD
Effect of genes/environment

Answer 17

71%

Disorder can be passed down by genes but parents also tend to create environment that triggers it

Question 18

Prenatal risk factors of ODD and CD

Answer 18

Maternal smoking
Substance abuse
Pregnancy/birth complications

Question 19

Treatment methods for ODD and CD

Answer 19

Problem-solving skills
- Helps child figure out other ways of responding than aggression

Pharmacological interventions
- Helps w/ impulsions of aggressions

Parent management training
- Coercive process: Child’s negative behav functions to diminish negative behav of parent

School/Community based treatments
- Ex: Having peer volunteers intervene when there’s a conflict