Abnormal Behaviour Flashcards
What systems are used for identifying disorders?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
International Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders (ICD-10)
What are the 5 factors playing part in defining behaviours as abnormal?
1) Statistical rarity
2) Personal distress
3) Dysfunction
4) Violations of social norms
5) Diagnosis by an expert
Psychological abnormality
Behaviour, speech, or thought that impairs the ability of a person to function normally
Mental illness
Similar to psychological abnormality but more on medical side
Psychological disorder
Manifestation of abnormal impairment of functioning
Why can statistical rarity be unclear?
Some extremists have advantageous functioning
Some extremely common conditions are considered an illness
Why can personal distress be unclear?
Some disorders don’t cause distress
Everyone can feel distressed any any point of their lives
What is Wakefield’s definition of harmful dysfunction?
Failures of internal mechanisms to perform naturally selected functions
The design failure harms the individual
How are violation of norms relevant with depression? Why is it culturally relative?
Depression more prevalent in western countries
Asian cultures puts more emphasis on physical symptoms of depression (which is similar to Neurasthenia) and also has stigma against mental disorders
How are violation of norms unclear?
Criminals (not meeting diagnostic criteria) violate norns
Most individuals with a mental disorder aren’t dangerous
Social norms change over time and across cultures
Clinical psychologist vs Psychiatrist
Clinical psychologist: Carries out treatments/psychological interventions
Psychiatrist: Diagnoses and does medical treatments for mental disorders
Differential diagnosis
When there are many potential diagnoses
What did eugenicists conclude from Darwin’s work?
Those whose intellectual, social, or economic functioning was seen as inferior were defective
Those who met this criteria should be sterilized (or exterminated)
What was psychological dysfunction thought to he caused by in early history?
Possession by demons
Witchcraft of evil people
Trephination
Done in Stone age
Skulls found with holes on them to let out evil spirits that were supposedly causing abnormal behaviour
May also be caused from removing bone splinters or blood clots caused by blows to the head during warfare
Temples of healing
Created in golden age of Greece
Emphasized natural causes for mental disorders and developed greater understanding of the causes and treatments of them
What did Hippocrates believe?
Denied popular belief of the time that psychological problems were caused by the intervention of gods and demons
Thought psychological problems had natural causes and that dreams could help understand them
Humours
Hippocrates’ idea that disorders were caused by disturbances from body fluid (humours)
Vomiting and bleeding would reduce humours
Hysteria
Hippocrates believed it only happened in women because of their “wandering uterus”
What did Plato focus on?
Emphasis on sociocultural influences on thought and behaviour
Foreshadowing Freud: Dreams satisfy desires because higher faculties aren’t present and can’t inhibit them during sleep
Foreshadowing modern law: Mentally disordered ppl who commit crimes can’t be held guilty because they don’t understand what they did
Foreshadowing modern therapy: Thought mentally ill ppl should be cared for in homes of relatives and promoted a kind of conversational therapy
What did Aristotle focus on?
Writing about mental disorders and psychological functioning
Accepted Hippocrates’ bodily fluids theory but denied dysfunctional thinking and behaving
Advocated humane treatment of mental patients
How did the Egyptians adopt Greek ideas?
Established peaceful sanatoriums for mentally ill people
Priests would employ bleeding, purges, and restraints if all other treatments failed
Methodism
By Soranus
Regarded mental illness as a disorder from constriction of body tissue or relaxation of it from exhaustion
- Head main source of affliction
Thought there was no difference between mental and physical disorders, contrary to Greek thinkers
Aretaceus
Considered emotional factors to be cause of mental disorders
Advocated psychological treatments rather than just medical
Galen (Romans)
Foreshadowed psychotherapy
Suggested that having ppl talk about their problems to a listener could help treat mental disorders
The Arab world and asylums
Believed mentally ill should be treated with sympathy
Created asylums following Greek/Roman tradition of care, support, and compassion
What did Persian philosopher/physician Avicenna believe?
Emphasis on natural causes (psychological and environmental factors)
Humane treatment (care and compassion)
What increased belief of mental illness being caused from possession?
Popularity of horror genre from authors
Many linked description of possession to nervous breakdowns
How did Martin Luther distinguish madness and witchcraft?
If the devil possessed them corporally, they would become mad
If the devil possessed them spiritually, they should be considered witches
Exorcism
Exorcist would insult the devil to get it to leave the body
If that doesn’t work, they harm the body to make it uncomfortable for the devil
Paracelsus
Opposed witch killings
Created new system of classification
Claimed that mental illness comes from disturbances of the breath of life
St. Vitus’ dance
Epidemic of mass hysteria where groups of ppl would get urges to jump and dance
Paracelsus denied that this was caused by possession and said it was caused by a disease
Johannes Weyer
Believed that the devil was cause of mental illness but advocated natural and physical treatments other than exorcism
Observed that mental illness could come from natural causes (like side effect from ointments)
Teresa of Avila
St. Vincent de Paul
Claimed ppl were sick instead of being possessed by the devil
Claimed mental disease and bodily disease aren’t different, and that society is responsible to develop means to relieve ppl from their suffering
St. Mary of Bethlehem
“Bedlam”
Early asylum
Pol could pay to visit and poke fun at the residents
Bedlam: Became term to describe any form of rowdy, chaotic behaviour
La Bicêtre, Paris
Jean-Baptiste Pussin
Philippe Pinel
Government saw poor as problem and sent them to workhouses along with the insane, old, orphans, etc
- They were chained to walls and flogged
Pinel was assigned director of La Bicêtre and made it a more humane institution (enforced systematic and statistically based approach to classification, management, and treatment of disorders)
Conversion supposedly started with Pussin though
William Tuke
Benjamin Rush
Tuke - Established similar approaches as Pinel
Rush - Brought moral therapy to North America
Benedict Augustin Morel
Degeneration theory
Abnormal functioning is transmitted by hereditary processes, which degenerate over generations
Cesare Lombroso
Believed criminality was inherited
Could he identified by shape of person’s skull
Emil Kraepelin
Syndromes
Published Clinical Psychiatry textbook that attempted to classify mental illness
Syndromes: Certain groups of symptoms that tended to occur together
Found that different disorders had distinct features and different ages of onset
- Proposed biological causes of mental disorders
Richard von Krafft-Ebing
General paresis of the insane (GPI)
Somatogenesis
Proposed GPI is cause of an infection, found later that it does lead to a mental illness
Somatogenesis: Idea that psychopathology is caused by biological factors
Manfred Sakel
Shock therapy
Used insulin to treat withdrawal symptoms in morphine addicts
- Insulin induced coma lead to addicts waking up more tranquil
Used to treat schizophrenia
Drugs to produce convulsions also useful for seizures
Ugo Cerletti
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Initially used on patients with schizophrenia
Later found to be better for depression
Henri Laborit
Chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine was an antipsychotic drug that improved management of seriously disordered psychiatric patients
- Less straitjackets, etc
Deinstitutionalization
Psychiatric patients were discharge with introduction of antipsychotic medications
But many ended up lacking support and were homeless
Anton Mesmer
Mesmer thought hysteria was caused by disturbed distribution of magnetic fluid in body
- Treatment only worked because of power of suggestion, early hypnotism
Jean Charcot
Josef Breuer (cathartic method)
Sigmund Freud
Charcot believed hypnotism could help treat hysterics
Breuer used cathartic method (used hypnosis to make ppl talk freely about and relive unpleasant past events)
Freud used similar procedure but without hypnosis, called psychoanalysis
John Watson
Behaviourism
Considered abnormal functioning to he learned, and believed it could be unlearned
Felt that problematic functioning was result of unfortunate conditioning experiences
-Based on classical conditioning
Emphasis on nurture
What is the goal of the Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC)
To develop an integrated mental health system that encourages better cooperation between governments, mental health providers, employers, the scientific community, and Canadians who live/care for someone with mental disorders
Evidence-based practice (EBP)
Integration of scientific evidence with individual expertise to inform optimum client cate
Prevents treatments that aren’t backed up by science
Ewen Cameron
Used brainwashing by LSD in Montreal
- Used shock therapy and LSD at extreme anounts
- Patients mainly women w/ post-partem depression
- Purpose was to break patient and erase their mind before using looped hypnotic messages to input new ideas
