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Abnormal Psychology > Abnormal Behaviour > Flashcards

Abnormal Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

What systems are used for identifying disorders?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
International Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders (ICD-10)

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2
Q

What are the 5 factors playing part in defining behaviours as abnormal?

A

1) Statistical rarity
2) Personal distress
3) Dysfunction
4) Violations of social norms
5) Diagnosis by an expert

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3
Q

Psychological abnormality

A

Behaviour, speech, or thought that impairs the ability of a person to function normally

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4
Q

Mental illness

A

Similar to psychological abnormality but more on medical side

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5
Q

Psychological disorder

A

Manifestation of abnormal impairment of functioning

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6
Q

Why can statistical rarity be unclear?

A

Some extremists have advantageous functioning

Some extremely common conditions are considered an illness

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7
Q

Why can personal distress be unclear?

A

Some disorders don’t cause distress

Everyone can feel distressed any any point of their lives

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8
Q

What is Wakefield’s definition of harmful dysfunction?

A

Failures of internal mechanisms to perform naturally selected functions

The design failure harms the individual

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9
Q

How are violation of norms relevant with depression? Why is it culturally relative?

A

Depression more prevalent in western countries
Asian cultures puts more emphasis on physical symptoms of depression (which is similar to Neurasthenia) and also has stigma against mental disorders

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10
Q

How are violation of norms unclear?

A

Criminals (not meeting diagnostic criteria) violate norns

Most individuals with a mental disorder aren’t dangerous

Social norms change over time and across cultures

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11
Q

Clinical psychologist vs Psychiatrist

A

Clinical psychologist: Carries out treatments/psychological interventions

Psychiatrist: Diagnoses and does medical treatments for mental disorders

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12
Q

Differential diagnosis

A

When there are many potential diagnoses

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13
Q

What did eugenicists conclude from Darwin’s work?

A

Those whose intellectual, social, or economic functioning was seen as inferior were defective

Those who met this criteria should be sterilized (or exterminated)

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14
Q

What was psychological dysfunction thought to he caused by in early history?

A

Possession by demons
Witchcraft of evil people

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15
Q

Trephination

A

Done in Stone age
Skulls found with holes on them to let out evil spirits that were supposedly causing abnormal behaviour

May also be caused from removing bone splinters or blood clots caused by blows to the head during warfare

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16
Q

Temples of healing

A

Created in golden age of Greece

Emphasized natural causes for mental disorders and developed greater understanding of the causes and treatments of them

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17
Q

What did Hippocrates believe?

A

Denied popular belief of the time that psychological problems were caused by the intervention of gods and demons

Thought psychological problems had natural causes and that dreams could help understand them

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18
Q

Humours

A

Hippocrates’ idea that disorders were caused by disturbances from body fluid (humours)

Vomiting and bleeding would reduce humours

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19
Q

Hysteria

A

Hippocrates believed it only happened in women because of their “wandering uterus”

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20
Q

What did Plato focus on?

A

Emphasis on sociocultural influences on thought and behaviour

Foreshadowing Freud: Dreams satisfy desires because higher faculties aren’t present and can’t inhibit them during sleep

Foreshadowing modern law: Mentally disordered ppl who commit crimes can’t be held guilty because they don’t understand what they did

Foreshadowing modern therapy: Thought mentally ill ppl should be cared for in homes of relatives and promoted a kind of conversational therapy

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21
Q

What did Aristotle focus on?

A

Writing about mental disorders and psychological functioning

Accepted Hippocrates’ bodily fluids theory but denied dysfunctional thinking and behaving

Advocated humane treatment of mental patients

22
Q

How did the Egyptians adopt Greek ideas?

A

Established peaceful sanatoriums for mentally ill people

Priests would employ bleeding, purges, and restraints if all other treatments failed

23
Q

Methodism

A

By Soranus
Regarded mental illness as a disorder from constriction of body tissue or relaxation of it from exhaustion
- Head main source of affliction

Thought there was no difference between mental and physical disorders, contrary to Greek thinkers

24
Q

Aretaceus

A

Considered emotional factors to be cause of mental disorders

Advocated psychological treatments rather than just medical

25
Q

Galen (Romans)

A

Foreshadowed psychotherapy
Suggested that having ppl talk about their problems to a listener could help treat mental disorders

26
Q

The Arab world and asylums

A

Believed mentally ill should be treated with sympathy
Created asylums following Greek/Roman tradition of care, support, and compassion

27
Q

What did Persian philosopher/physician Avicenna believe?

A

Emphasis on natural causes (psychological and environmental factors)
Humane treatment (care and compassion)

28
Q

What increased belief of mental illness being caused from possession?

A

Popularity of horror genre from authors
Many linked description of possession to nervous breakdowns

29
Q

How did Martin Luther distinguish madness and witchcraft?

A

If the devil possessed them corporally, they would become mad
If the devil possessed them spiritually, they should be considered witches

30
Q

Exorcism

A

Exorcist would insult the devil to get it to leave the body
If that doesn’t work, they harm the body to make it uncomfortable for the devil

31
Q

Paracelsus

A

Opposed witch killings
Created new system of classification
Claimed that mental illness comes from disturbances of the breath of life

32
Q

St. Vitus’ dance

A

Epidemic of mass hysteria where groups of ppl would get urges to jump and dance

Paracelsus denied that this was caused by possession and said it was caused by a disease

33
Q

Johannes Weyer

A

Believed that the devil was cause of mental illness but advocated natural and physical treatments other than exorcism
Observed that mental illness could come from natural causes (like side effect from ointments)

34
Q

Teresa of Avila
St. Vincent de Paul

A

Claimed ppl were sick instead of being possessed by the devil

Claimed mental disease and bodily disease aren’t different, and that society is responsible to develop means to relieve ppl from their suffering

35
Q

St. Mary of Bethlehem
“Bedlam”

A

Early asylum
Pol could pay to visit and poke fun at the residents

Bedlam: Became term to describe any form of rowdy, chaotic behaviour

36
Q

La Bicêtre, Paris

Jean-Baptiste Pussin
Philippe Pinel

A

Government saw poor as problem and sent them to workhouses along with the insane, old, orphans, etc
- They were chained to walls and flogged

Pinel was assigned director of La Bicêtre and made it a more humane institution (enforced systematic and statistically based approach to classification, management, and treatment of disorders)
Conversion supposedly started with Pussin though

37
Q

William Tuke
Benjamin Rush

A

Tuke - Established similar approaches as Pinel

Rush - Brought moral therapy to North America

38
Q

Benedict Augustin Morel
Degeneration theory

A

Abnormal functioning is transmitted by hereditary processes, which degenerate over generations

39
Q

Cesare Lombroso

A

Believed criminality was inherited
Could he identified by shape of person’s skull

40
Q

Emil Kraepelin
Syndromes

A

Published Clinical Psychiatry textbook that attempted to classify mental illness

Syndromes: Certain groups of symptoms that tended to occur together

Found that different disorders had distinct features and different ages of onset
- Proposed biological causes of mental disorders

41
Q

Richard von Krafft-Ebing
General paresis of the insane (GPI)

Somatogenesis

A

Proposed GPI is cause of an infection, found later that it does lead to a mental illness

Somatogenesis: Idea that psychopathology is caused by biological factors

42
Q

Manfred Sakel
Shock therapy

A

Used insulin to treat withdrawal symptoms in morphine addicts
- Insulin induced coma lead to addicts waking up more tranquil

Used to treat schizophrenia
Drugs to produce convulsions also useful for seizures

43
Q

Ugo Cerletti
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

Initially used on patients with schizophrenia
Later found to be better for depression

44
Q

Henri Laborit
Chlorpromazine

A

Chlorpromazine was an antipsychotic drug that improved management of seriously disordered psychiatric patients
- Less straitjackets, etc

45
Q

Deinstitutionalization

A

Psychiatric patients were discharge with introduction of antipsychotic medications

But many ended up lacking support and were homeless

46
Q

Anton Mesmer

A

Mesmer thought hysteria was caused by disturbed distribution of magnetic fluid in body
- Treatment only worked because of power of suggestion, early hypnotism

47
Q

Jean Charcot
Josef Breuer (cathartic method)
Sigmund Freud

A

Charcot believed hypnotism could help treat hysterics

Breuer used cathartic method (used hypnosis to make ppl talk freely about and relive unpleasant past events)

Freud used similar procedure but without hypnosis, called psychoanalysis

48
Q

John Watson
Behaviourism

A

Considered abnormal functioning to he learned, and believed it could be unlearned
Felt that problematic functioning was result of unfortunate conditioning experiences
-Based on classical conditioning

Emphasis on nurture

49
Q

What is the goal of the Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC)

A

To develop an integrated mental health system that encourages better cooperation between governments, mental health providers, employers, the scientific community, and Canadians who live/care for someone with mental disorders

50
Q

Evidence-based practice (EBP)

A

Integration of scientific evidence with individual expertise to inform optimum client cate

Prevents treatments that aren’t backed up by science

51
Q

Ewen Cameron

A

Used brainwashing by LSD in Montreal

  • Used shock therapy and LSD at extreme anounts
  • Patients mainly women w/ post-partem depression
  • Purpose was to break patient and erase their mind before using looped hypnotic messages to input new ideas

Abnormal Psychology (14 decks)

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