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Abnormal Psychology > Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Anxiety
Fear
Panic

A

Individual feels threatened by potential occurrence of future negative event

Fight-or-flight response to real/perceived threat currently happening

False alarm triggered in absence of a threat

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2
Q

Most common fears/phobias

A

Animals

Mutilation (blood, accidents)

Environmental threats (height, weather)

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3
Q

What is the main symptom of separation anxiety disorder (SAD)

A

Distress when separated from attachment figure
- Tends to cause full-blown panic

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4
Q

Difference between SAD and GAD

A

SAD: Specific worry about attachment

GAD: General worry to world around them

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5
Q

Is homotypic or heterotypic comorbidity more common in anxiety?

A

Heterotypic (w/ depressive disorders)

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6
Q

True or false?
Anxiety disorders are equally common in boys and girls

A

True

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7
Q

Behavioural inhibition

A

Anxious temperament typical in anxiety / SAD
Children display withdrawal or fear behavs in novel situations

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8
Q

Which part of the brain is affected in anxiety disorders?

A

Temporal lobe (amygdala)

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9
Q

Psychosocial risk factors of SAD

A

Children learn to fear by observing parents
Classical conditioning of fear experiences

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10
Q

Treatments for SAD

A

Cognitive-behaviour therapy
- Exposure to anxiety-provoking situations to help reframe anxious thoughts and change behav

Pharmacological treatments
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) medications

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11
Q

What were anxiety disorders classified as in the past?
Who theorized there was a difference between objective fears and neurotic anxiety?

A

Neurosis
- Mixed w/ dissociative and somatoform disorders

Freud

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12
Q

What are the behavioural factors that could cause anxiety?

A

Two-factor theory (conditioning)

Vicarious learning: Developing fear by observing reactions of other people

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13
Q

Barlow’s triple vulnerability etiological model of anxiety that increase risk

A

Generalized biological
(Genetic predisposition to being nervous)

Nonspecific psychological
(Diminished sense of control, low self-esteem)

Specific psychological
(Experiencing danger, false alarm, vicarious exposure)

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14
Q

Panic disorder

A

Recurrent and unexpected panic attacks (sudden rush of fear/discomfort and at least 4 of 13 symptoms)

Must have persistent concerns about consequences/ meaning of attack
Result in significant change in behav to prevent panic-like sensations

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15
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Anxiety about being in places/situations where an individual might find it difficult to escape or wouldn’t have help ready

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16
Q

Behavioural avoidance test (BAT)
(Agoraphobia and panic disorder)

A

Patients asked to enter situations they would typically avoid, then rate degree of anxiety

17
Q

Nocturnal panic

A

Individuals with panic disorder
Attacks that occur while sleeping

18
Q

Catastrophic misinterpretation

Anxiety sensitivity

Alarm theory
(Panic disorder)

A

Patient tends to misinterpret symptom as sign as something is wrong

Somatic symptoms related to anxiety will have negative consequences that extend beyond panic episode

System activated by emotional cues, causing false alarm, triggering panic attacks in neutral situations

19
Q

Specific phobia

A

Persistent fear and avoidance of object or situation

20
Q

5 subtypes of specific phobia

A

Animal phobia

Natural environment

Blood-injection-injury

Situational

Other type

21
Q

Equipotentiality premise
(Criticism of associative model of fear)

A

Assumes all neutral stimuli have an equal potential for becoming phobias

22
Q

Nonassociative model

Biological preparedness
(Specific phobia)

A

Process of evolution made us naturally respond fearfully to group of stimuli
- No learning required

Process of natural selection equipped humans w/ predisposition to fear objects/situations that are a threat to our species

23
Q

Disgust sensitivity
(Specific phobia)

A

Degree to which people are susceptible to being disgusted by certain stimuli

24
Q

Onset and comorbidity of social anxiety disorder

A

Late childhood, adolescence

High comorbidity w/ depression and substance use

25
Q

Cognitive factors of social anxiety

A

Self-focused attention (highly self-critical)

Public self-consciousness (tendency to see actions through perspective of outside observer)

Dishonest self-disclosure (Less authentic to tell others what they want to hear)

26
Q

Social anxiety is a _____ disorder

A

Interpersonal disorder
- Disruption in ability to relate with other ppl

27
Q

Environmental factor of social anxiety

A

Being victimized during childhood

28
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

Excessive and uncontrollable worry

29
Q

Role of cognition in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

Verbal worry dampens/decreases somatic arousal causing anxiousness

Intolerance of uncertainty: Discomfort w/ ambiguity and uncertainty

30
Q

Obsessions vs Compulsions vs Neutralizations
(OCD)

A

Obsessions: Uncontrollable thoughts, impulses or ideas that the individual finds disturbing and anxiety-provoking

Compulsions: Repetitive behavs or mental acts that are intended to reduce anxiety

Neutralizations: Behavioural/mental acts used to prevent feared consequences and distress caused by an obsession

31
Q

Thought action fusion (TAF) refers to 2 types of irrational thinking
(OCD)

A

Belief that having a specific thought increases probability that it will come true

Belief that having a specific thought is equivalent to acting it out

32
Q

Neurobiological model of OCD

A

Neuropsychological theory:
More brain volume in basal ganglia (control motor behavs)
Less volume in frontal cortex (reasoning, inhibition, planning, decision making)
- Both take part to cause compulsions and obsessions

Neurochemical theory:
Abnormalities in serotonin system

33
Q

Cognitive-behavioural model of OCD

A

Catastrophic misinterpretations
- Belief that thoughts can influence probability that others will be harmed
- High lvl of personal responsibility

Rebound effect: Trying to suppress obsessional thoughts might increase their frequency

34
Q

Compulsions in OCD are believed to persist bcuz they tend to:

A

Lower severity of anxiety
Lower frequency of obsessions
“Prevent” obsessions from coming true

35
Q

Exposure techniques to treat anxiety

A

Systematic desensitization
- Gradually work way up fear hierarchy, pairing each image with relaxation response (habituation)

In vivo exposure
- Exposure using real life

Worry imagery exposure (GAD)
- Systematic exposure to feared images related to individual’s worries

Flooding/Intense exposure
- Exposure at highest lvl of fear hierarchy

Introceptive exposure (Panic disorder)
- Exposure to internal cues

Ritual prevention (OCD)
- Abstinence from rituals that typically reinforce obsessions in long run

36
Q

Problem solving
Relaxation
Mindfulness-based strategies
(Anxiety)

A

Assumes that by generating and implementing effective solutions to problems, patients will experience less anxiety

Aims to reduce anxious arousal directly by mental (guided imagery exercise) or physical relaxation (progressive muscle relaxation)

Combines practice of sitting and moving w/ meditation principles

Abnormal Psychology (14 decks)

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