Child Psych Chapter 10 Flashcards
Mood Disorders
Extreme, persistent, or poorly regulated emotional states
Dysphoria
Prolonged bouts of sadness
Anhedonia
Little joy and loss of interest in activities
Irritability
Easy annoyance and touchiness
Angry mood and temper outbursts
Presentation of childhood depression
Mania
Abnormally elevated or expansive mood
Increased goal-directed activity and energy
Euphoria
Euphoria
Exaggerated sense of well-being
Infant Depression
Lack of parental care
Withdrawal, apathy, increased clinging, sleep disturbances
Preschooler depression
Somber, tearful, lack of energy, irritability
Excessive clinging and avoid separation
School-age depression
Increased irritability, disruptive behavior, and combativeness
Academic difficulties and peer problems
Preteen and teenage depression
Increased self-blame and low self-esteem
Sleep and eating disturbances
Social inhibition
Anhedonia
Negative body image
Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms
Sadness, anhedonia, irritability, and additional symptoms
Present for 2+ weeks
Cause distress or impairment
Absence of triggering factors
Mild, moderate, or severe
Childhood MDD
Diagnosed with adult criteria
Often overlooked due to changed presentation- Irritability
MDD Prevalence
2-8% of youths
Lifetime 11-20%
Increase in adolescence
Girls are 2-3 times more likely
Dysthymia (PDD)
Symptoms of depressed mood most of the time for over 1 year with 2+ cognitive or somatic symptoms
1% of children 5% of adolescents
Double Depression
MDD episode with dysthymia present at baseline
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
Chronic, severe persistent irritability
Verbal or physical outbursts 3-4 times per week for at least 1 year in multiple settings
Chronic irritable or angry mood between outbursts
Must present before 10 years old
More common in males
Cannot co-occur with ODD or BP
Associated Characteristics with Depression
Decreased intellectual and academic functioning
Negative cognitive biases
Low and unstable self-esteem
Relationship disruptions
Suicide
Psychodynamic theory of depression
Actual or symbolic loss of love object
Anger towards loss turned inward
Excessive superego
Loss of self-esteem
Attachment theory of depression
Insecure early attachment
Distorted model of self and others
Behavioral theory of depression
Loss of quality reinforcement or skills needed to obtain it
Cognitive theory of depression
Depressive mindset
Distorted or maladaptive cognitive structures
Negative view of self, world, and future
Hopelessness
Poor problem solving ability
Self-control theory of depression
Problems in setting behavior for long-term goals
Deficits in self-monitoring, evaluation, and reinforcement
Interpersonal theory of depression
Impaired function
Role dispute or transition
Social withdrawal
Socio-environmental theory of depression
Stressful life circumstances add vulnerability
Social support, coping, and appraisal are protective factors
Neurobiological theory of depression
Neurochemical and receptor abnormalities
Neurophysiological or endocrine abnormalities
Genetics, early development, or structural variations
Genetic and family risks of depression
30-45% heritability
Children of depressed parents have increased risk and early onset
Inherit vulnerability to negative affect
Neurobiological risks of depression
Several brain areas
Lowered reward system
Heightened stress response
Alterations in critical thinking and emotional areas
Family risks of depression
Family dysfunction- little consistency and negative environment
Emotional regulation as a risk for depression
Youths with depression have difficulties overcoming negative moods
Issues in regulation can arise from prolonged emotional distress
Behavioral Therapy for Depression
Increases pleasurable activities and obtain more reinforcement
Social skills training
Daily monitoring, structured and scheduled activities
Cognitive Therapy for Depression
Teach to identify, challenge, and modify negative thought patterns
Replace negative thoughts with positive self-talk
Medications for depression
Tricyclics- Adults only
SSRIs- First line
More effective in conjunction with CBT
Bipolar Disorder (BP) in Children
Erratic instead of persistent mood swings
Grandiose delusions and heightened self-importance
More rapid cycling
0.5-2.5% prevalence
Uncommon before puberty
Highly heritable
