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Chemotherapy Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

Ketoconazole

A
  • antifungal
  • first oral antifungal drug
  • toxic to liver so now usually replaced with itraconazole or fluconazole
  • best absorbed at highly acidic levels, so antacids or other causes of decreased stomach acid levels will lower the drugs absorption when taken orally
  • the side-effects are sometimes used to treat non-fungal problems. The decrease in testosterone caused by the drug makes it useful for treating prostate cancer and for preventing post operative erections following penile surgery
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2
Q

Mefloquine

A
  • Anti-protozoan drug
  • used for malaria
  • used to treat resistant cases
  • semi-synthetic
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3
Q

Praziquantel

A

-Anti-helminthic drug

used for flukes + tapeworms

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4
Q

Niclosamide

A
  • Anti-helminthic drug
  • used for tapeworms
  • destroys scolex and adjoining proglottids of tapeworms
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5
Q

Polymyxins

A
  • Drug that acts on Cell Membrane
  • Cause loss of selective permeability in cell membrane
  • Gram (-)
  • Topical only
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6
Q

Rifampin

A
  • drug that affects Nucleic Acid Sythesis
  • Inhibits RNA polymerase
  • used to treat TB and leprosy
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7
Q

Quinolones (ciprofloxacin)

A

(DNA)

  • inhibits replication and transcription
  • inhibits gyrase (unwinding enzyme)
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8
Q

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors acting on Ribosomes: Site of Action 50S subunit

A
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Erythromycin
  • Clindamycin
  • Streptogramin (Synercid)
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9
Q

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors acting on Ribosomes: Site of action 30S subunit

A
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Gentamicin (treat pseudomonas)
  • Streptomycin
  • Tetracyclines
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10
Q

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors acting on Ribosomes: Both 30S and 50S subunits

A

blocks initiation of protein synthesis

-Linezolid (zyvox)

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11
Q

Linezolid (Zyvox)

A

blocks initiation of protein synthesis on ribosomes

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12
Q

What drugs block pathways and inhibit metabolism on Ribosomes?

A
  • Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)

- Trinethoprim

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13
Q

Sulfonamides and Trinethoprim do what on ribosomes?

A

block pathways and inhibit metabolism on ribosomes

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14
Q

Penicillins

A

-Drugs that act on cell wall
-Organic chemical structure includes beta-lactam ring
-Originally isolated from mold Penicillium chrysogenum
-Bactericidal
-Narrow Spectrum
-Problems: allergic reactions and development of bacterial resistance to drug through beta-lactamase (penicillinase)
-Natural:
>Penicillin G (gram +)(requires injection)
>Penicillin V (gram +)(oral administration)
-Semisynthetic:
>Methicillin (used until MRSA)
>Ampicillin (Broad spectrum)
>Amoxicillin (Broad spectrum; combined with inhibitor of penicillinase)

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15
Q

Penicillin G

A
  • Natural Penicillin drug
  • Gram (+)
  • requires injection
  • Narrow Spectrum
  • Best drug of choice when bacteria are sensitive; low cost; low toxicity
  • Disadvantages: can be hydrolyzed by penicillinase; allergies occur; requires injection
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16
Q

Penicillin V

A
  • Natural Penicillin drug
  • Gram (+)
  • Oral administration
  • Narrow spectrum
  • Good absorption from intestine; otherwise, similar to penicillin G
  • Disadvantages: hydrolysis by penicillinase; allergies
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17
Q

Methicillin

A
  • Semi-synthetic Penicillin drug
  • used until MRSA
  • Narrow spectrum
  • not usually susceptible to penicillinase
  • Disadvantages: poor absorption, allergies; growing resistance
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18
Q

Ampicillin

A
  • Semi-synthetic Penicillin drug
  • Broad Spectrum
  • works on gram (-) bacilli
  • Disadvantages: can be hydrolyzed by penicillinase; allergies; only fair absorption
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19
Q

Amoxicillin

A
  • Semi-synthetic Penicillin drug
  • Broad spectrum; combined with inhibitor of penicillinase
  • For gram (-) infections; good absorption
  • Disadvantages: hydrolysis by penicillinase; allergies
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20
Q

Cephalosporins

A

-Drugs that act on Cell Wall
-Originally isolated from the mold cephalosporium
-Bactericidal
-Broader spectrum than penicillin
>Cephalothin (first generation; requires injection)
>Cefixime (third generation; oral administration)

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21
Q

Cephalosporins: Cephalothin

A
  • first generation of cephalosporins

- requires injection

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22
Q

Cephalosporins: Cefixime

A
  • third generation of cephalosporins

- oral administration

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23
Q

Vancomycin

A
  • Drug that act on Cell Wall

- used for life-threatening, methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections (MRSA) and Enterococcus; except VRE

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24
Q

Isoniazid (INH)

A

inhibits synthesis of mycolic acid in cell wall of Mycobacterium

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25
Bacitracin
- Topical - Produced by B. subtilis - Component of triple antibiotic ointments
26
Rifampin
- Drug that affects Nucleic Acid Synthesis - inhibits synthesis of mRNA - used to treat TB and leprosy
27
Aminoglycosides
-Drugs that inhibit Protein Synthesis -produced by Streptomyces -act on 30S subunit in ribosomes >Streptomycin: -narrow spectrum; including Mycobacterium -hearing loss >Gentamicin: -narrow spectrum -including pseudomonas >Neomycin: -broad spectrum -topical use
28
Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin
- drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis - produced by streptomyces - narrow spectrum - including Mycobacterium - hearing loss - act on 30S subunit in ribosomes
29
Aminoglycosides: Gentamicin
- drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis - produced by streptomyces - narrow spectrum - including pseudomonas - act on 30S subunit in ribosomes
30
Aminoglycosides: Neomycin
- drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis - produced by streptomyces - broad spectrum - topical use
31
Tetracyclines
- Drugs that inhibit Protein Synthesis - produced by streptomyces - very broad spectrum - Drug of choice for Rickettsias, Chlamydia, Propionibacterium - Harms microbiota - Animal feed additive - Harms teeth of children - Photosensitive - act on 30S subunit in ribosomes
32
Chloramphenicol
- Drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis - produced by streptomyces - very broad spectrum - possibly toxic - Act on 50S subunit in Ribosomes
33
Erythromycin
- Drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis - broad spectrum - alternative to Penicillin for penicillin-resistant bacterium and in case of penicillin allergy in patient - Act on 50S subunit in ribosomes
34
Azithromycin (Z pack)
- Drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis - semi-synthetic - broader spectrum - better tissue penetration than Erythromycin
35
Telithromycin (Ketek)
- Drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis | - semi-synthetic
36
Clindamycin
- Drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis - used primarily for intestinal infection by anaerobes - Acts on 50S subunit in ribosomes
37
Drugs that Interfere with Metabolism/ Enzyme Activity
- Sulfonamides | - Trimethoprim
38
Amphotericin B
- Antifungal Drug - systemic - topical - Nystatin (topical)
39
Azoles
``` -Antifungal drugs >Ketoconazole (Nizoral) >Fluconazole (Diflucan) >Miconazole (Monistat) >Itraconazole (Sporanox) ```
40
Flucytosine
- Antifungal drug | - many fungi resistant so combined with amphotericin
41
Echinocandins
- Antifungal drug | - capsofungin inhibits fungal cell wall (chitin)
42
Allylamines
- Antifungal Drug - Terbinafine (Lamisil) - Systemic - Topical - inhibits ergosterol
43
Chloroquine
- Anti-protozoan drug - prophylaxis - suppression of acute cases of malaria - affect nucleic acid synthesis
44
Primaquine
- Anti-protozoan drug | - relapsing cases of malaria
45
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
- Anti-protozoan drug - Amobeasis, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis - also used for anaerobic bacteria
46
Mebendazole
- Anti-helminthic drug - broad spectrum - intestinal roundworms - work locally in intestines to inhibit microtubule of worms, eggs and larvae
47
Pyrantel, piperazine
- Anti-helminthic drug | - paralyze muscles of intestinal round worms
48
Ivermectin
- Anti-helminthic drug - veterinary treatment for tapeworms and flukes - used for humans for Strongyloidiosis
49
Antiviral Drugs
-most antiviral drugs have limited spectrum activity -most are designed to block a step in viral multiplication >barring penetration into host cell >blocking replication, transcription, and/or translation of viral genetic material >preventing the normal maturation of viral particles
50
Influenza Drugs
-Antiviral Drugs >Amantadine (block entry of influenza virus by interfering with fusion of virus with cell membrane) >Relenza >Tamiflu (Relenza + Tamiflu both stop the actions of influenza neuraminidase, required for entry of virus into cell)
51
Herpes Drugs
- Antiviral Drugs - Acyclovir (Zovirax)(both terminates DNA replication in herpes virus); Valacyclovir (Valtrex); Famciclovir (Famvir) - Ganciclovir (Cytovene) for CMV; an analog of guanine - Valtrex and Famvir only active in virus infected cells
52
Analog
antiviral agents mimic structure of nucleotides
53
HIV drugs
- Antiviral drugs | - interfere with action of reverse transcriptase enzyme
54
Maravoc
- Antiviral Drug | - covers up receptors
55
Fuzeon
- Antiviral Drug - prevents viral envelope from fusing with host - prevents binding of viral receptors to cell receptor which blocks fusion of virus with cell
56
Interferons
- Antiviral Drugs - Glycoproteins produced by viral infected cells - (Fibroblasts, Leukocytes)
57
Cell Wall Inhibitors
- Penicillins - Vancomycin - Bacitracin - Isoniazid
58
Drugs that Act on Cell Wall
- Penicillins - Cephalosporins - Vancomycin - Isoniazid (INH) - Bacitracin
59
Drugs that Affect Nucleic Acid Synthesis
- Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin) - Rifampin - Chloroquine
60
Drugs that inhibit Protein Synthesis
- Aminoglycosides - Tetracyclines - Chloramphenicol - Erythromycin - Azithromycin (Z pack) - Telithromycin (Ketek) - Clindamycin
61
Antifungal Drugs List
- Amphotericin B - Azoles - Flucytosine - Echinocandins - Allylamines
62
Anti-protozoan Drugs List
- Quinine - Chloroquine - Mefloquine - Primaquine - Metronidazole (Flagyl)
63
Anti-helminthic Drug List
- Mebendazole - Pyrantel, piperazine - Niclosamide - Praziquantel - Ivermectin
64
Anti-viral Drugs List
- Influenza drugs - Herpes drugs - HIV drugs - AZT - Maravoc - Fuzeon - Interferons

Microbiology (20 decks)

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