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Microbiology > Chemotherapy Drugs > Flashcards

Chemotherapy Drugs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ketoconazole

A
  • antifungal
  • first oral antifungal drug
  • toxic to liver so now usually replaced with itraconazole or fluconazole
  • best absorbed at highly acidic levels, so antacids or other causes of decreased stomach acid levels will lower the drugs absorption when taken orally
  • the side-effects are sometimes used to treat non-fungal problems. The decrease in testosterone caused by the drug makes it useful for treating prostate cancer and for preventing post operative erections following penile surgery
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2
Q

Mefloquine

A
  • Anti-protozoan drug
  • used for malaria
  • used to treat resistant cases
  • semi-synthetic
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3
Q

Praziquantel

A

-Anti-helminthic drug

used for flukes + tapeworms

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4
Q

Niclosamide

A
  • Anti-helminthic drug
  • used for tapeworms
  • destroys scolex and adjoining proglottids of tapeworms
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5
Q

Polymyxins

A
  • Drug that acts on Cell Membrane
  • Cause loss of selective permeability in cell membrane
  • Gram (-)
  • Topical only
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6
Q

Rifampin

A
  • drug that affects Nucleic Acid Sythesis
  • Inhibits RNA polymerase
  • used to treat TB and leprosy
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7
Q

Quinolones (ciprofloxacin)

A

(DNA)

  • inhibits replication and transcription
  • inhibits gyrase (unwinding enzyme)
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8
Q

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors acting on Ribosomes: Site of Action 50S subunit

A
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Erythromycin
  • Clindamycin
  • Streptogramin (Synercid)
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9
Q

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors acting on Ribosomes: Site of action 30S subunit

A
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Gentamicin (treat pseudomonas)
  • Streptomycin
  • Tetracyclines
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10
Q

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors acting on Ribosomes: Both 30S and 50S subunits

A

blocks initiation of protein synthesis

-Linezolid (zyvox)

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11
Q

Linezolid (Zyvox)

A

blocks initiation of protein synthesis on ribosomes

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12
Q

What drugs block pathways and inhibit metabolism on Ribosomes?

A
  • Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)

- Trinethoprim

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13
Q

Sulfonamides and Trinethoprim do what on ribosomes?

A

block pathways and inhibit metabolism on ribosomes

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14
Q

Penicillins

A

-Drugs that act on cell wall
-Organic chemical structure includes beta-lactam ring
-Originally isolated from mold Penicillium chrysogenum
-Bactericidal
-Narrow Spectrum
-Problems: allergic reactions and development of bacterial resistance to drug through beta-lactamase (penicillinase)
-Natural:
>Penicillin G (gram +)(requires injection)
>Penicillin V (gram +)(oral administration)
-Semisynthetic:
>Methicillin (used until MRSA)
>Ampicillin (Broad spectrum)
>Amoxicillin (Broad spectrum; combined with inhibitor of penicillinase)

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15
Q

Penicillin G

A
  • Natural Penicillin drug
  • Gram (+)
  • requires injection
  • Narrow Spectrum
  • Best drug of choice when bacteria are sensitive; low cost; low toxicity
  • Disadvantages: can be hydrolyzed by penicillinase; allergies occur; requires injection
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16
Q

Penicillin V

A
  • Natural Penicillin drug
  • Gram (+)
  • Oral administration
  • Narrow spectrum
  • Good absorption from intestine; otherwise, similar to penicillin G
  • Disadvantages: hydrolysis by penicillinase; allergies
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17
Q

Methicillin

A
  • Semi-synthetic Penicillin drug
  • used until MRSA
  • Narrow spectrum
  • not usually susceptible to penicillinase
  • Disadvantages: poor absorption, allergies; growing resistance
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18
Q

Ampicillin

A
  • Semi-synthetic Penicillin drug
  • Broad Spectrum
  • works on gram (-) bacilli
  • Disadvantages: can be hydrolyzed by penicillinase; allergies; only fair absorption
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19
Q

Amoxicillin

A
  • Semi-synthetic Penicillin drug
  • Broad spectrum; combined with inhibitor of penicillinase
  • For gram (-) infections; good absorption
  • Disadvantages: hydrolysis by penicillinase; allergies
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20
Q

Cephalosporins

A

-Drugs that act on Cell Wall
-Originally isolated from the mold cephalosporium
-Bactericidal
-Broader spectrum than penicillin
>Cephalothin (first generation; requires injection)
>Cefixime (third generation; oral administration)

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21
Q

Cephalosporins: Cephalothin

A
  • first generation of cephalosporins

- requires injection

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22
Q

Cephalosporins: Cefixime

A
  • third generation of cephalosporins

- oral administration

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23
Q

Vancomycin

A
  • Drug that act on Cell Wall

- used for life-threatening, methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections (MRSA) and Enterococcus; except VRE

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24
Q

Isoniazid (INH)

A

inhibits synthesis of mycolic acid in cell wall of Mycobacterium

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25
Q

Bacitracin

A
  • Topical
  • Produced by B. subtilis
  • Component of triple antibiotic ointments
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26
Q

Rifampin

A
  • Drug that affects Nucleic Acid Synthesis
  • inhibits synthesis of mRNA
  • used to treat TB and leprosy
27
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

-Drugs that inhibit Protein Synthesis
-produced by Streptomyces
-act on 30S subunit in ribosomes
>Streptomycin:
-narrow spectrum; including Mycobacterium
-hearing loss
>Gentamicin:
-narrow spectrum
-including pseudomonas
>Neomycin:
-broad spectrum
-topical use

28
Q

Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin

A
  • drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis
  • produced by streptomyces
  • narrow spectrum
  • including Mycobacterium
  • hearing loss
  • act on 30S subunit in ribosomes
29
Q

Aminoglycosides: Gentamicin

A
  • drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis
  • produced by streptomyces
  • narrow spectrum
  • including pseudomonas
  • act on 30S subunit in ribosomes
30
Q

Aminoglycosides: Neomycin

A
  • drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis
  • produced by streptomyces
  • broad spectrum
  • topical use
31
Q

Tetracyclines

A
  • Drugs that inhibit Protein Synthesis
  • produced by streptomyces
  • very broad spectrum
  • Drug of choice for Rickettsias, Chlamydia, Propionibacterium
  • Harms microbiota
  • Animal feed additive
  • Harms teeth of children
  • Photosensitive
  • act on 30S subunit in ribosomes
32
Q

Chloramphenicol

A
  • Drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis
  • produced by streptomyces
  • very broad spectrum
  • possibly toxic
  • Act on 50S subunit in Ribosomes
33
Q

Erythromycin

A
  • Drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis
  • broad spectrum
  • alternative to Penicillin for penicillin-resistant bacterium and in case of penicillin allergy in patient
  • Act on 50S subunit in ribosomes
34
Q

Azithromycin (Z pack)

A
  • Drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis
  • semi-synthetic
  • broader spectrum
  • better tissue penetration than Erythromycin
35
Q

Telithromycin (Ketek)

A
  • Drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis

- semi-synthetic

36
Q

Clindamycin

A
  • Drug that inhibits Protein Synthesis
  • used primarily for intestinal infection by anaerobes
  • Acts on 50S subunit in ribosomes
37
Q

Drugs that Interfere with Metabolism/ Enzyme Activity

A
  • Sulfonamides

- Trimethoprim

38
Q

Amphotericin B

A
  • Antifungal Drug
  • systemic
  • topical
  • Nystatin (topical)
39
Q

Azoles

A 
-Antifungal drugs
>Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
>Fluconazole (Diflucan)
>Miconazole (Monistat)
>Itraconazole (Sporanox)
40
Q

Flucytosine

A
  • Antifungal drug

- many fungi resistant so combined with amphotericin

41
Q

Echinocandins

A
  • Antifungal drug

- capsofungin inhibits fungal cell wall (chitin)

42
Q

Allylamines

A
  • Antifungal Drug
  • Terbinafine (Lamisil)
  • Systemic
  • Topical
  • inhibits ergosterol
43
Q

Chloroquine

A
  • Anti-protozoan drug
  • prophylaxis
  • suppression of acute cases of malaria
  • affect nucleic acid synthesis
44
Q

Primaquine

A
  • Anti-protozoan drug

- relapsing cases of malaria

45
Q

Metronidazole (Flagyl)

A
  • Anti-protozoan drug
  • Amobeasis, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis
  • also used for anaerobic bacteria
46
Q

Mebendazole

A
  • Anti-helminthic drug
  • broad spectrum
  • intestinal roundworms
  • work locally in intestines to inhibit microtubule of worms, eggs and larvae
47
Q

Pyrantel, piperazine

A
  • Anti-helminthic drug

- paralyze muscles of intestinal round worms

48
Q

Ivermectin

A
  • Anti-helminthic drug
  • veterinary treatment for tapeworms and flukes
  • used for humans for Strongyloidiosis
49
Q

Antiviral Drugs

A

-most antiviral drugs have limited spectrum activity
-most are designed to block a step in viral multiplication
>barring penetration into host cell
>blocking replication, transcription, and/or translation of viral genetic material
>preventing the normal maturation of viral particles

50
Q

Influenza Drugs

A

-Antiviral Drugs
>Amantadine (block entry of influenza virus by interfering with fusion of virus with cell membrane)
>Relenza
>Tamiflu
(Relenza + Tamiflu both stop the actions of influenza neuraminidase, required for entry of virus into cell)

51
Q

Herpes Drugs

A
  • Antiviral Drugs
  • Acyclovir (Zovirax)(both terminates DNA replication in herpes virus); Valacyclovir (Valtrex); Famciclovir (Famvir)
  • Ganciclovir (Cytovene) for CMV; an analog of guanine
  • Valtrex and Famvir only active in virus infected cells
52
Q

Analog

A

antiviral agents mimic structure of nucleotides

53
Q

HIV drugs

A
  • Antiviral drugs

- interfere with action of reverse transcriptase enzyme

54
Q

Maravoc

A
  • Antiviral Drug

- covers up receptors

55
Q

Fuzeon

A
  • Antiviral Drug
  • prevents viral envelope from fusing with host
  • prevents binding of viral receptors to cell receptor which blocks fusion of virus with cell
56
Q

Interferons

A
  • Antiviral Drugs
  • Glycoproteins produced by viral infected cells
  • (Fibroblasts, Leukocytes)
57
Q

Cell Wall Inhibitors

A
  • Penicillins
  • Vancomycin
  • Bacitracin
  • Isoniazid
58
Q

Drugs that Act on Cell Wall

A
  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • Vancomycin
  • Isoniazid (INH)
  • Bacitracin
59
Q

Drugs that Affect Nucleic Acid Synthesis

A
  • Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin)
  • Rifampin
  • Chloroquine
60
Q

Drugs that inhibit Protein Synthesis

A
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Tetracyclines
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Erythromycin
  • Azithromycin (Z pack)
  • Telithromycin (Ketek)
  • Clindamycin
61
Q

Antifungal Drugs List

A
  • Amphotericin B
  • Azoles
  • Flucytosine
  • Echinocandins
  • Allylamines
62
Q

Anti-protozoan Drugs List

A
  • Quinine
  • Chloroquine
  • Mefloquine
  • Primaquine
  • Metronidazole (Flagyl)
63
Q

Anti-helminthic Drug List

A
  • Mebendazole
  • Pyrantel, piperazine
  • Niclosamide
  • Praziquantel
  • Ivermectin
64
Q

Anti-viral Drugs List

A
  • Influenza drugs
  • Herpes drugs
  • HIV drugs
  • AZT
  • Maravoc
  • Fuzeon
  • Interferons

Microbiology (20 decks)

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