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Microbiology > Beginning of Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Beginning of Chapter 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nutrition

A

process by which chemical substances are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities (how process raw materials in order to survive)
-Main determinant of microbe’s nutritional type:
>Carbon Source
>Energy Source

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2
Q

Troph:

A

Food, nourishment

-Example of use: Trophozoite-the feeding stage of protozoa

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3
Q

Auto:

A

Self

ex: Autotroph- an organism that “feeds by itself”

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4
Q

Hetero:

A

other

ex: Heterotroph- an organism that requires nutrients from other organisms

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5
Q

Photo:

A

light

ex: Phototroph- an organism that uses light as an energy source

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6
Q

Chemo:

A

Chemicals

ex: Chemotroph- an organism that uses chemicals rather than light for energy

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7
Q

-phile

A

to love

ex: Extremophile- an organism that has adapted to (“loves”) extreme environments

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8
Q

-obe

A

to live

-ex: Microbe- to “live small”

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9
Q

Sapro-

A

rotten

ex: Saprobe- an organism that lives on dead organic matter

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10
Q

Halo-

A

salt

ex: Halophile- an organism that can grow in high-salt environments

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11
Q

Thermo-

A

Heat

ex: Thermophile- an organism that grows at high temperatures

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12
Q

Psychro-

A

Cold
ex: Psychrophile- an organism that grows at cold temperatures
example of psychrophile- Listeria

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13
Q

Aero-

A

Air (O2)

ex: Aerobe- an organism that uses oxygen in metabolism

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14
Q

Prokaryotic Definition of Growth

A

population (one cell to a million)

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15
Q

Colony

A

growth of an organism on a surface

  • growth from one unit; cloned
  • until you can see it
  • 1 cell became 1 colony
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16
Q

Pure culture

A

1 genus and species (all organisms are the same genus and species)

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17
Q

Requirements for Microbial Growth

A

-Physical Requirements
>Temperature
>pH
>Osmotic Pressure

-Chemical Requirements
>Water
>Carbon
>Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus
>Essential Growth Factors (cant synthesize; must be obtained from the environment, things you definitely need but cant make)
(-Macronutrients: C H O, -Micronutrients: Trace Elements (minerals))
>Oxygen

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18
Q

Requirements for Microbial Growth: Physical Requirements

A
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Osmotic Pressure
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19
Q

Requirements for Microbial Growth: Chemical Requirements

A

-Water
-Carbon
-Nitrogen, Sulfur Phosphorus
-Essential Growth Factors (cant synthesize; must be obtained from the environment, things you definitely need but can’t make)
>macronutrients: C H O
>micronutrients: Trace Elements (minerals)
-Oxygen

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20
Q

Physical Requirement: Temperature Response

A

-species specific
-range:
>Minimum Temperature- below which members not expected to survive
>Optimum Temperature- temp at which you get greatest # of reproduction growth
>Maximum Temperature- above which members not expected to survive
-Wide Range: Eurythermal
-Narrow Range: Stenothermal

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21
Q

Temperature: Minimum Temperature

A

below which members not expected to survive

-Psychrophile (ex: Listeria)

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22
Q

Temperature: Optimum Temperature

A

temp at which you get greatest # of reproduction growth

  • Mesophile
  • Most human pathogens are mesophiles
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23
Q

Temperature: Maximum Temperature

A

above which members not expected to survive

-Thermophile

24
Q

Physical Requirement: pH

A

-species specific
-general pH preferences:
>Majority of Organisms: between pH 6 and pH 8
>Most fungi: pH 5.5 to 6 (slightly acidic)
>Most bacteria: pH 6.5 to 7.5 (near neutral)
-buffers (adds a base if it gets acidic)
-pH indicators (way to figure out whats happening to culture)
-Acidophiles- less than pH 4
-Yeasts and Molds- usually pH 5-6
-Neutrophiles optimum growth for most bacteria pH 6.5- 7.5
-Alkalinophiles- up to pH 10

25
Q

pH of Majority of Organisms

A

between pH 6 and pH 8

26
Q

pH of most Fungi

A

5.5 to 6 (slightly acidic)

27
Q

pH of most Bacteria

A

pH 6.5 to 7.5 (near neutral)

Neutrophiles

28
Q

pH of Yeasts and Molds

A

usually pH of 5.5 to 6

29
Q

pH of Acidophiles

A

less than pH 4

30
Q

pH of Alkalinophiles

A

up to pH of 10

31
Q

Most Human Pathogens are

A

Mesophiles

32
Q

Phenol Red Dextrose Medium with Durham Tube Inserted

A

-Acid pH= yellow and gas caught (bubble of gas)
-Acid and no gas= no gas and yellow
-Neutral pH= red
>Phenol Red is yellow at acid, red at neutral

33
Q

Solvent

A

liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid or gaseous solute

34
Q

Solute

A

solid that dissolves into a liquid

-substance dissolved in another substance

35
Q

Solution

A

solvent and solute make up the solution

36
Q

Simple Diffusion vs Osmotic Pressure

A
  • Simple Diffusion- has to go from high to low concentration (concentration gradient) molecules down concentration gradient from a semi-permeable membrane
  • Osmotic Pressure- water down concentration gradient
37
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

The force with which WATER flows from an area of High Concentration of water to an area of Low Concentration of water
WATER—>water

38
Q

Tonicity

A

-solute concentration
-comparison of solute on opposite sides of a semi-permeable membrane
>Isotonic
>Hypotonic
>Hypertonic

39
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

Water concentration is equal inside and outside the cell, thus rates of diffusion are equal in both directions

40
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

Net diffusion of water is into the cell; this swells the protoplast and pushes it tightly against the wall. Wall usually prevents cell from bursting
-less solute concentration (high water conc; water into cell)

41
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

Water diffuses out of the cell and shrinks the cell membrane away from the cell wall: process is known as plasmolysis
-High solute conc. (low water; out of cell)

42
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Water is diffused out of the cell and shrinks cell membrane away from cell wall
-Plasmolyzed cell in hypertonic solution: If the concentration of solutes such as NaCl is higher in the surrounding medium than in the cell (the environment is hypertonic), water tends to leave the cell. Growth of the cell is inhibited

43
Q

Oxygen Requirements

A

-Aerobe:
>general term for organisms that use molecular oxygen (organisms that use O2 produce more energy from the same nutrients than organisms that dont use O2)

-Anaerobe
>General term for organisms able to grow in the absence of oxygen

44
Q

Oxygen Requirements: Obligate Aerobe

A

requires oxygen

-e.g. Pseudomonas

45
Q

Oxygen Requirements: Obligate Anaerobe

A

Does not tolerate oxygen

-e.g. Clostridium spp.

46
Q

Oxygen Requirements: Facultative Anaerobe

A

Grows better in presence of oxygen but does not require atmospheric oxygen

  • Advantage: will use oxygen if available, but can switch to fermentation if no Oxygen is available
  • e.g. E.coli and other enterics
  • e.g. Staphylococcus aureus
47
Q

Oxygen Requirements: Aerotolerant Anaerobe

A
  • cannot use oxygen but grows equally well whether oxygen is present or not; ignores O2
  • e.g. Lactobacillus
48
Q

Oxygen Requirements: Microaerophile

A

damaged by normal atmospheric levels (20%)

  • oxygen required in low concentration
  • e.g. Campylobacter jejuni
49
Q

Use of What is used to demonstrate oxygen requirements

A

Thioglycollate broth a reducing media; removes oxygen

50
Q

Thiglycollate broth a reducing media

A

used to demonstrate oxygen requirements

-it removes Oxygen

51
Q

Oxygen Requirements: Capnophiles

A 
organisms that grow best at higher concentrations of CO2 (3-10%) than normally present in the atmosphere (0.033%)
-Incubation done in CO2 incubator
-Representative capnophiles:
>Neisseria gonorrhea, N. meningitis
>Brucella spp.
>Streptococcus pneumoniae
52
Q

Prokaryotic Reproduction: Generation Time

A
  • Time required for one cell to become two
  • Time required for the population to double
  • species specific
  • influenced by conditions
53
Q

Binary Fission

A
  • Asexual Reproduction
  • Cell elongates (in preparation)
  • Duplicates everything
  • Lays membrane down (separates membrane into 2 compartments)
  • peptidoglycan layed down
54
Q

Generation Time Equation

A

b=Bx2*n
b= # of bacteria at the end of time interval
B= # of bacteria at beginning of interval
n= # of generations (# of times the cell population doubles during the time interval)

55
Q

Bacterial Growth Curve

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. Log Phase (exponential growth phase)
  3. Stationary Phase (# of cells reproduced=# of cells that are dying)
  4. Death Phase (cells that start dying quicker than ones that can reproduce)
56
Q

Bacteria is most susceptible to disruption during which phase of the Bacterial Growth Curve?

A

-Log phase

Microbiology (20 decks)

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