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Microbiology > Chapter 1: Part 3 and Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Part 3 and Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Taxonomy

A
  • the science dealing with organizing, classifying, and naming of organisms
  • the science of classification
  • formal system developed by Carolus Linnaeus (Carl Von Linne)
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2
Q

Levels of Classification

A

Taxon (pl. Taxa)

  • a category used in classification
  • Domain- Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum/ Division
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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3
Q

Carolus Linnaeus (Carl Von Linne)

A
  • father of taxonomy

- originator of binomial nomenclature

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4
Q

Scientific Nomenclature

aka. Binomial Nomenclature, Scientific Name

A
  • Uniform (universal) system of identification
  • cure for “common name syndrome”

-Carolus Linnaeus- originator of binomial nomenclature

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5
Q

Rules for Writing Scientific Nomenclature

A 
Capital Genus, lower case species
ex: Genus species
      G. species
written-underline
typed on computer- italicized
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6
Q

Examples of Scientific Nomenclature

A

-Escherichia coli (E. coli)
-Staphylococcus aureus
-Bacillus anthracis
-Streptococcus pyogenes
-Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Salmonella spp.
(all underlined when written on paper)

-Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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7
Q

Criterion (criteria pl.)

A

-a standard of judgement; a measure or yardstick for evaluating something
-how many groups result in a classification system is determined by what Criteria are being judged
ex: Aristotle- 2 groups
Whittaker- 5 groups
Woese- 3 groups

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8
Q

Classification System: Aristotle

A
  • 2 kingdom system
  • Plants + Animals
  • Criteria: observation
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9
Q

Classification System: Whittaker

A

-5 Kingdom system (animals, plants, fungi, protists, Monera)
-Criteria: Type of Nutrition and Cell Type (observation)
(looked under microscope- prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell, and how do they get their food)
ex: plants- photosynthesis

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10
Q

Classification System: Woese

A
  • 3 kingdom system
  • Criteria: rRNA sequencing

(if little ribosome mutated you wouldn’t be able to make proteins; looked at organism, did RNA sequencing and compared sequences- came from common ancestor and put into domains)

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11
Q

Eukaryotic Species

A

most closely related organisms in a species, who can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

species- group of organisms with similar characteristics

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12
Q

Prokaryotic Species

A
  • groups of organisms with similar characteristics

- reproduce asexually

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13
Q

Strain (subspecies, variety)

A

-similar characteristics but had a mutation that makes them different
ex:
- bacteria + virus = strain
-plants + fungus = variety

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14
Q

Biological Species

A

can reproduce successfully

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15
Q

Strain: Escherichia coli 0157:H7

A

characterized by ability to produce a kidney damaging invasive toxin

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16
Q

Strain: Salmonella Saintpaul

A

diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps 12-72 hours after infection

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17
Q

Classification of Prokaryotic Domains: Archaea + Bacteria

A

Criteria:

  • Morphology (microscopic (individual) + macroscopic (colonies)
  • Bacterial physiology or biochemistry
  • Serological analysis (antibody/ antigen reaction)
  • Genetic techniques (sequencing)

Result: Unique Profile of a Bacterium
-Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2nd Edition 2001>
(widely used reference that clarifies the phylogenic (evolutionary) history and relationships of most known prokaryotes)

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18
Q

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2nd edition 2001>

A

widely used reference that clarifies the phylogenic (evolutionary) history and relationships of most known prokaryotes

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19
Q

Microbiology Lab (goal + criteria)

A

Goal: identification of microorganisms
how?
-Lab Tests (criteria)
-use criteria to place organisms

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20
Q

Dichotomous Key

A
  • help people identify things
  • series of paired statements (true or false) which one is true, the tell you where to go to find the next criteria
  • follow direction until you come up with a name
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21
Q

Classification

A

all organisms divided into 2 groups based on cell type:

  • prokaryotic organism
  • eukaryotic organism
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22
Q

Observation of Cells (tools)

A
  • light microscope (external structure)

- electron microscope (internal structures)

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23
Q

Isolation of Cell Components

A
  • Fractionation- break apart tissue
  • Ultracentrifugation- spin liquid + separate heaviest things first to come out a solid, then keep going down to lowest heaviest thing
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24
Q

Similarities of Prokaryotic + Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • composed of the same 4 basic biological macromolecules (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids…)
  • undergo the same types of chemical reactions
  • display the same characteristics of living organisms
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25
Differences of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- amounts of basic macromolecules - reactants differ so end products of reactions differ - live in a greater variety of ecological niches (where they can live) - exhibit greater variety in their biochemical capabilities
26
Prokaryotic Cells
- no nucleus - organization- simple - genetic material- one circular DNA molecule - ribosomes- 70s (sbedberg; invented centrifusion) - membrane- no sterols produced - cell wall- yes, peptidoglycan (protein + carbohydrate) - No membrane bound organelles - Organisms- Bacteria + Archaea - Reproduction- asexual (binary fission)
27
Eukaryotic Cells
-Nucleus -organization- complex -genetic material- chromosomes packed with proteins -ribosomes- 80s (sbedberg) -Membrane- yes, sterols (cholesterol) yes, plants (cellulose) yes, fungi (chitin) No, animals -Membrane bound organelles -Organisms- animals, plants, fungi, protozoa, algae -Reproduction- sexual and/or asexual
28
Ergosterole
in fungus, sterole
29
Tetricyclis
effects only 70s, get rid of prokaryotic cell
30
Prokaryotic Cell: What kind of cell + size
- single celled | - microscopic (usually)
31
Prokaryotic Cell: common shapes/ morphology/ Latin name
- Coccus, cocci: spherical or round - Bacillus, bacilli, coccobacillus: rod- shaped - Spirochete (S): Helical, flexible, corkscrew - Spirillum, spirilla: Helical, rigid, loose s - Vibrio: comma shaped - branching filaments
32
Prokaryotic cell morphology: spherical or round
coccus, cocci
33
Prokaryotic cell morphology: Rod- shaped
bacillus, bacilli, coccobacillus
34
Prokaryotic cell morphology: Helical, flexible , corkscrew,
Spirochete
35
Prokaryotic cell morphology: Helical, Rigid, loose s
Spirillum, Spirilla
36
Prokaryotic cell morphology: Comma shaped
vibrio
37
Bacillus, Bacilli, coccobacillus
rod-shaped
38
Coccus, Cocci
spherical or round
39
Spirochete (S)
Spiral: | -helical, flexible corkscrew
40
Spirillum, Spirilla
spiral: | -helical, rigid, loose s
41
Vibrio
comma shaped
42
Bacterial Arrangement
arrangement of cells is dependent on pattern of division and how cells remain attached after division
43
Bacterial Arrangement for Cocci:
- Singles - Diplococci- in pairs - Streptococci- chains - Tetrads- groups of four - Sarcina- cubical pockets - Staphylococci- irregular clusters
44
Bacterial Arrangement for Bacilli
-singles -Diplobacilli- in pairs -Streptobacilli- in chains (divide on one plane)
45
Pleomorphism
(many forms) -variation in cell shape and size within a single species -nutritional/ hereditary differences Some species noted for their pleomorphism: -Mycoplasma- has no cell wall -Corynebacterium metachromatic granules- makes them look different
46
Species noted for their Pleomorphism
- Mycoplasma- genus that has no cell wall | - Corynebacterium
47
Spiral Group: Example of Vibrio
Vibrio cholerae | comma shaped
48
Spiral Group: ex. of Spirillum
-Campylobacter jejuni -Helicobacter pylori These are RIGID- needs flagella hanging off end to move (polar flagella) -Gram-negative cell wall type
49
Spiral Group: ex. of Spirochete
- Treponema pallidum (syphilis) - Borrelia burgdorferi (lymes disease) - Leptospira spp. (leptospirosis) -flexible helical bacterium mobile by: -Endoflagella, periplasmic flagella, axial filament (all the same different name); wrapped around plasma membrane under thin sheath
50
Comparison of Spirilla + Spirochete (spiral-shaped bacteria)
Spirilla - rigid - move by polar flagella - gram-negative cell wall Spirochete - flexible - move by: periplasmic flagella, endoflagella, axial filament; wrapped around plasma membrane under thin sheath - Gram-negative
51
Bacteria External Structure: Appendages
Two Major Groups: 1. Motility - flagella and axial filaments (periplasmic flagella) 2. Attachment or channels - fimbriae - pili
52
Bacterial External Structure: Glycocalyx
Surface coating - capsule - slime layer
53
Flagella 3 parts
1. Filament- long, thin, helical structure composed of protein flagellin 2. Hook- curved sheath 3. Basal Body- stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall
54
Flagellar Mechanism of Action
- rotates 360 degrees | - functions in motility of cell through environment
55
Flagellar Arrangements
- Monotrichous- single flagellum at one end - Lophotrichous- small bunches (tufts) emerging from the same site (2 or more) - Amphitrichous- flagella (one) at both ends of the cell - Peritrichous- flagella dispersed over surface of cell
56
Flagellar Responses
guide bacteria in a direction in response to external stimulus: - chemical stimuli: chemotaxis; postive (toward) + negative (away) - light stimuli- phototaxis signal sets flagella into motion clockwise or counterclockwise - clockwise- smooth linear direction (run) - counterclockwise- tumbles
57
Fimbriae + Pili
Composition- made up of protein pilin Function- attachment, transfer of DNA Significance- increase pathogenicity or virulence 2 types: - Pili (pilus)-long, one or two, function as sex bridge in conjugation - fimbriae (fimbria)- short; few to many; attachment
58
Fimbriae
fine, proteinaceous hairlike bristles emerging from the cell surface -pilin function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces
59
Pili
- rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein - found only in gram-negative cells - function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called conjugation (horizontal gene transfer) (sex bridge)
60
Glycocalyx
coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of polysaccharides/ polyproteins 2 Types: -Slime Layer- loosely organized and attached; easily washed off -Capsule- highly organized, tightly attached; thick; not readily removed
61
Function of Glycocalyx
- protect cells from dehydration and nutrient loss - protect cells from toxic chemicals (antibiotics, disinfectants) - inhibit killing by white blood cells by phagocytosis, contributing to pathogenicity - Attachment- formation of biofilms - Significance- increase pathogenicity
62
Negative Stain
Visualizing a Capsule -use simple acidic stain (color is in the negative ion and is repelled by negative cell wall; colors the background) - Differential- difference between organisms - simple- looks the same - acidic simple
63
The Cell Envelope
-External covering outside the cytoplasm composed of 2 layers: -Cell wall and Cell Membrane Maintains cell integrity 2 Different groups of bacteria demonstrated by Gram Stain: - Gram-Positive bacteria - Gram-Negative bacteria
64
2 Different groups of bacteria demonstrated by Gram Stain
Gram-Positive bacteria: -thick cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan and cell membrane Gram-Negative bacteria: -outer cell membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, and cell membrane ``` Positive = stained bacterium Negative = stained background ```

Microbiology (20 decks)

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