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Microbiology > Chapter 1: Part 3 and Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Part 3 and Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Taxonomy

A
  • the science dealing with organizing, classifying, and naming of organisms
  • the science of classification
  • formal system developed by Carolus Linnaeus (Carl Von Linne)
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2
Q

Levels of Classification

A

Taxon (pl. Taxa)

  • a category used in classification
  • Domain- Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum/ Division
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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3
Q

Carolus Linnaeus (Carl Von Linne)

A
  • father of taxonomy

- originator of binomial nomenclature

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4
Q

Scientific Nomenclature

aka. Binomial Nomenclature, Scientific Name

A
  • Uniform (universal) system of identification
  • cure for “common name syndrome”

-Carolus Linnaeus- originator of binomial nomenclature

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5
Q

Rules for Writing Scientific Nomenclature

A 
Capital Genus, lower case species
ex: Genus species
      G. species
written-underline
typed on computer- italicized
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6
Q

Examples of Scientific Nomenclature

A

-Escherichia coli (E. coli)
-Staphylococcus aureus
-Bacillus anthracis
-Streptococcus pyogenes
-Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Salmonella spp.
(all underlined when written on paper)

-Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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7
Q

Criterion (criteria pl.)

A

-a standard of judgement; a measure or yardstick for evaluating something
-how many groups result in a classification system is determined by what Criteria are being judged
ex: Aristotle- 2 groups
Whittaker- 5 groups
Woese- 3 groups

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8
Q

Classification System: Aristotle

A
  • 2 kingdom system
  • Plants + Animals
  • Criteria: observation
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9
Q

Classification System: Whittaker

A

-5 Kingdom system (animals, plants, fungi, protists, Monera)
-Criteria: Type of Nutrition and Cell Type (observation)
(looked under microscope- prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell, and how do they get their food)
ex: plants- photosynthesis

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10
Q

Classification System: Woese

A
  • 3 kingdom system
  • Criteria: rRNA sequencing

(if little ribosome mutated you wouldn’t be able to make proteins; looked at organism, did RNA sequencing and compared sequences- came from common ancestor and put into domains)

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11
Q

Eukaryotic Species

A

most closely related organisms in a species, who can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

species- group of organisms with similar characteristics

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12
Q

Prokaryotic Species

A
  • groups of organisms with similar characteristics

- reproduce asexually

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13
Q

Strain (subspecies, variety)

A

-similar characteristics but had a mutation that makes them different
ex:
- bacteria + virus = strain
-plants + fungus = variety

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14
Q

Biological Species

A

can reproduce successfully

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15
Q

Strain: Escherichia coli 0157:H7

A

characterized by ability to produce a kidney damaging invasive toxin

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16
Q

Strain: Salmonella Saintpaul

A

diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps 12-72 hours after infection

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17
Q

Classification of Prokaryotic Domains: Archaea + Bacteria

A

Criteria:

  • Morphology (microscopic (individual) + macroscopic (colonies)
  • Bacterial physiology or biochemistry
  • Serological analysis (antibody/ antigen reaction)
  • Genetic techniques (sequencing)

Result: Unique Profile of a Bacterium
-Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2nd Edition 2001>
(widely used reference that clarifies the phylogenic (evolutionary) history and relationships of most known prokaryotes)

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18
Q

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2nd edition 2001>

A

widely used reference that clarifies the phylogenic (evolutionary) history and relationships of most known prokaryotes

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19
Q

Microbiology Lab (goal + criteria)

A

Goal: identification of microorganisms
how?
-Lab Tests (criteria)
-use criteria to place organisms

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20
Q

Dichotomous Key

A
  • help people identify things
  • series of paired statements (true or false) which one is true, the tell you where to go to find the next criteria
  • follow direction until you come up with a name
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21
Q

Classification

A

all organisms divided into 2 groups based on cell type:

  • prokaryotic organism
  • eukaryotic organism
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22
Q

Observation of Cells (tools)

A
  • light microscope (external structure)

- electron microscope (internal structures)

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23
Q

Isolation of Cell Components

A
  • Fractionation- break apart tissue
  • Ultracentrifugation- spin liquid + separate heaviest things first to come out a solid, then keep going down to lowest heaviest thing
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24
Q

Similarities of Prokaryotic + Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • composed of the same 4 basic biological macromolecules (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids…)
  • undergo the same types of chemical reactions
  • display the same characteristics of living organisms
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25
Q

Differences of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • amounts of basic macromolecules
  • reactants differ so end products of reactions differ
  • live in a greater variety of ecological niches (where they can live)
  • exhibit greater variety in their biochemical capabilities
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26
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • no nucleus
  • organization- simple
  • genetic material- one circular DNA molecule
  • ribosomes- 70s (sbedberg; invented centrifusion)
  • membrane- no sterols produced
  • cell wall- yes, peptidoglycan (protein + carbohydrate)
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • Organisms- Bacteria + Archaea
  • Reproduction- asexual (binary fission)
27
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

-Nucleus
-organization- complex
-genetic material- chromosomes packed with proteins
-ribosomes- 80s (sbedberg)
-Membrane- yes, sterols (cholesterol)
yes, plants (cellulose)
yes, fungi (chitin)
No, animals
-Membrane bound organelles
-Organisms- animals, plants, fungi, protozoa, algae
-Reproduction- sexual and/or asexual

28
Q

Ergosterole

A

in fungus, sterole

29
Q

Tetricyclis

A

effects only 70s, get rid of prokaryotic cell

30
Q

Prokaryotic Cell: What kind of cell + size

A
  • single celled

- microscopic (usually)

31
Q

Prokaryotic Cell: common shapes/ morphology/ Latin name

A
  • Coccus, cocci: spherical or round
  • Bacillus, bacilli, coccobacillus: rod- shaped
  • Spirochete (S): Helical, flexible, corkscrew
  • Spirillum, spirilla: Helical, rigid, loose s
  • Vibrio: comma shaped
  • branching filaments
32
Q

Prokaryotic cell morphology: spherical or round

A

coccus, cocci

33
Q

Prokaryotic cell morphology: Rod- shaped

A

bacillus, bacilli, coccobacillus

34
Q

Prokaryotic cell morphology: Helical, flexible , corkscrew,

A

Spirochete

35
Q

Prokaryotic cell morphology: Helical, Rigid, loose s

A

Spirillum, Spirilla

36
Q

Prokaryotic cell morphology: Comma shaped

A

vibrio

37
Q

Bacillus, Bacilli, coccobacillus

A

rod-shaped

38
Q

Coccus, Cocci

A

spherical or round

39
Q

Spirochete (S)

A

Spiral:

-helical, flexible corkscrew

40
Q

Spirillum, Spirilla

A

spiral:

-helical, rigid, loose s

41
Q

Vibrio

A

comma shaped

42
Q

Bacterial Arrangement

A

arrangement of cells is dependent on pattern of division and how cells remain attached after division

43
Q

Bacterial Arrangement for Cocci:

A
  • Singles
  • Diplococci- in pairs
  • Streptococci- chains
  • Tetrads- groups of four
  • Sarcina- cubical pockets
  • Staphylococci- irregular clusters
44
Q

Bacterial Arrangement for Bacilli

A

-singles
-Diplobacilli- in pairs
-Streptobacilli- in chains
(divide on one plane)

45
Q

Pleomorphism

A

(many forms)
-variation in cell shape and size within a single species
-nutritional/ hereditary differences
Some species noted for their pleomorphism:
-Mycoplasma- has no cell wall
-Corynebacterium
metachromatic granules- makes them look different

46
Q

Species noted for their Pleomorphism

A
  • Mycoplasma- genus that has no cell wall

- Corynebacterium

47
Q

Spiral Group: Example of Vibrio

A

Vibrio cholerae

comma shaped

48
Q

Spiral Group: ex. of Spirillum

A

-Campylobacter jejuni
-Helicobacter pylori
These are RIGID- needs flagella hanging off end to move (polar flagella)
-Gram-negative cell wall type

49
Q

Spiral Group: ex. of Spirochete

A
  • Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
  • Borrelia burgdorferi (lymes disease)
  • Leptospira spp. (leptospirosis)

-flexible helical bacterium
mobile by:
-Endoflagella, periplasmic flagella, axial filament (all the same different name); wrapped around plasma membrane under thin sheath

50
Q

Comparison of Spirilla + Spirochete (spiral-shaped bacteria)

A

Spirilla

  • rigid
  • move by polar flagella
  • gram-negative cell wall

Spirochete

  • flexible
  • move by: periplasmic flagella, endoflagella, axial filament; wrapped around plasma membrane under thin sheath
  • Gram-negative
51
Q

Bacteria External Structure: Appendages

A

Two Major Groups:

  1. Motility
    - flagella and axial filaments (periplasmic flagella)
  2. Attachment or channels
    - fimbriae
    - pili
52
Q

Bacterial External Structure: Glycocalyx

A

Surface coating

  • capsule
  • slime layer
53
Q

Flagella 3 parts

A
  1. Filament- long, thin, helical structure composed of protein flagellin
  2. Hook- curved sheath
  3. Basal Body- stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall
54
Q

Flagellar Mechanism of Action

A
  • rotates 360 degrees

- functions in motility of cell through environment

55
Q

Flagellar Arrangements

A
  • Monotrichous- single flagellum at one end
  • Lophotrichous- small bunches (tufts) emerging from the same site (2 or more)
  • Amphitrichous- flagella (one) at both ends of the cell
  • Peritrichous- flagella dispersed over surface of cell
56
Q

Flagellar Responses

A

guide bacteria in a direction in response to external stimulus:

  • chemical stimuli: chemotaxis; postive (toward) + negative (away)
  • light stimuli- phototaxis

signal sets flagella into motion clockwise or counterclockwise

  • clockwise- smooth linear direction (run)
  • counterclockwise- tumbles
57
Q

Fimbriae + Pili

A

Composition- made up of protein pilin
Function- attachment, transfer of DNA
Significance- increase pathogenicity or virulence

2 types:

  • Pili (pilus)-long, one or two, function as sex bridge in conjugation
  • fimbriae (fimbria)- short; few to many; attachment
58
Q

Fimbriae

A

fine, proteinaceous hairlike bristles emerging from the cell surface
-pilin
function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces

59
Q

Pili

A
  • rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein
  • found only in gram-negative cells
  • function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called conjugation (horizontal gene transfer) (sex bridge)
60
Q

Glycocalyx

A

coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of polysaccharides/ polyproteins
2 Types:
-Slime Layer- loosely organized and attached; easily washed off
-Capsule- highly organized, tightly attached; thick; not readily removed

61
Q

Function of Glycocalyx

A
  • protect cells from dehydration and nutrient loss
  • protect cells from toxic chemicals (antibiotics, disinfectants)
  • inhibit killing by white blood cells by phagocytosis, contributing to pathogenicity
  • Attachment- formation of biofilms
  • Significance- increase pathogenicity
62
Q

Negative Stain

A

Visualizing a Capsule
-use simple acidic stain (color is in the negative ion and is repelled by negative cell wall; colors the background)

  • Differential- difference between organisms
  • simple- looks the same
  • acidic simple
63
Q

The Cell Envelope

A

-External covering outside the cytoplasm
composed of 2 layers:
-Cell wall and Cell Membrane
Maintains cell integrity

2 Different groups of bacteria demonstrated by Gram Stain:

  • Gram-Positive bacteria
  • Gram-Negative bacteria
64
Q

2 Different groups of bacteria demonstrated by Gram Stain

A

Gram-Positive bacteria:
-thick cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan and cell membrane
Gram-Negative bacteria:
-outer cell membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, and cell membrane

Positive = stained bacterium
Negative = stained background

Microbiology (20 decks)

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