Chapter 1: Part 2 Flashcards

Question

Bioremediation

Answer 1

cleaning up pollution using living organisms (bacteria or fungi)

Answer 2

- cause infection | - cause disease (considered a pathogen)

Answer 3

-disease causing agent -opportunistic (chance to grow) or -Potential Pathogen (able to make sick only in certain circumstances (change in location))

Answer 4

lives in or on host: robs host of nutrients - Obligate-(virus) has to have a host to reproduce - Facultative- does not require a host

Answer 5

newly identified; reported in increasing numbers

Answer 6

older, well-known diseases; increasing in occurrence (went away then came back) ex: measles, mumps

Answer 7

has to be a causative agent | -likely to be transmitted to people, organisms, etc... through the environment

Answer 8

defective gene | -not a causative agent

Answer 9

breakdown | ex: arthritis- over use or bad use can cause breakdown

Answer 10

not curable, long lasting

Answer 11

capable of being transmitted from host to host ex: chicken pox (1 person can give it to another person)

Answer 12

not from host ex: Tetanus (bacterium was in soil, did not come from host, bacterium produces toxin)

Answer 13

transmitted from host to host EASILY | ex: chicken pox

Answer 14

coined the word cell

Answer 15

1632- 1723 | -first observed microorganisms with microscope he invented

Answer 16

early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter (flies from manure) -abiogenesis- life comes from nonlife

Answer 17

life comes from nonlife a- no -bio- life -genesis- generating

Answer 18

3 jars- experimented with flies and meat 1st jar- open (flies on meat) 2nd jar- closed (no flies) 3rd jar- gauze for air flow (flies stayed on top of gauze)

Answer 19

gets credit for first vaccination | against smallpox virus

Answer 20

- correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward - instituted washing of hands with chlorinated lime - reduced incidence of childbirth fever

Answer 21

credit for aseptic technique in surgery - introduced aseptic technique in surgery to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections - used carbolic acid (phenol) as disinfectant - used heat

Answer 22

-many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body 2 major contributors: - Louis Pasteur - Robert Koch

Answer 23

1. Louis Pasteur | 2. Robert Koch

Answer 24

Credit- Aseptic Technique in Laboratory - showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage - disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms - developed pasteurization - demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease

Answer 25

- Louis Pasteur's experiment - Short neck, open = contaminated - Swan neck (bent neck) = did not get contaminated - microbes cant negotiate curbs (does not go around corners)

Answer 26

life is generated from life -Louis Pasteur eventually disproved spontaneous generation and proved the Theory of Biogenesis; The idea that living things can only arise from other living things

Answer 27

the idea that living things can only arise from other living things

Answer 28

-established Koch's postulates Kochs postulates- a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory -identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera -developed pure culture methods

Answer 29

Walter- was robert koch's lab manager Angelina Fannie- cleaning glasswork -discovered algar as culture method Algar- semi solid stuff powder mixed with water- boil then becomes solid

Answer 30

-Gram Stain procedure: | divides all bacteria into 2 possible groups based on cell wall composition (he used purple and red)

Answer 31

noble prize in medicine for phagocytosis

Answer 32

Father of Chemotherapy | -discovered Salversan (treatment for syphilis)

Answer 33

1857-1914 - microbiology started to be viewed as a science - better microscopes - germs cause disease

Answer 34

- studied staphylococcus aureus (colonies were gold when grown on petri dish) - saw no bacteria around the mold - discovered antimicrobial nature of a substance by mold penicillium colony - Ernst Chain + Howard Florey developed it into a drug (penicillin)

Answer 35

developed alexander felming's study of penicillium colony into a drug (penicillin)

Answer 36

DNA is the genetic material | -1944

Answer 37

DNA Structure | -1953

Answer 38

Streptococcal Classification system based on surface antigens - Group A strep- includes organisms that gives strep throat - Group B strep- common form of death in babies - Group G strep

Answer 39

importance of soil microbes (e.g. streptomyces spp.) | -discovered antibiotic streptomycin

Answer 40

discovered restriction enzymes- cut DNA between G and an A - 1978 - Join DNA from unrelated organisms

Answer 41

-Endosymbiotic Hypothesis (endosymbiotic theory- no one can disprove it yet) -1981 -Evolution of Eukaryotic Cell: 1 prokaryotic cell engulfed/ate another one and lived there and became the organelles

Answer 42

- Nobel prize for identification of Prions - 1997 - Proteinaceous particles - causative agent of fatal neurological diseases 1. BSE- makes brain look like a sponge (holes in it; mad cow disease) 2. CJD- humans get it 3. CWD- chronic waste disease, elk+ deer shown to have it

Answer 43

Produced by bacterium- sour cream, yogurt, balsamic vinegar, cheese Fungi- wine, cheese, yeasts, molds

Answer 44

1. Photosynthesizers- remove CO2 and add O2 to environment 2. Decomposers and Recyclers- sewage treatment, return nutrients to ecosystem 3. Food Chain 4. Produce Antimicrobial Substances- (medical significance) ex: mold penicillin 5. Employed as Vaccines- (disease prevention) 6. Produce nonfood products- (ethanol, isopropanol) 7. Produce food products- (bread, wine, cheese, vinegar) 8. Bioremediation- cleaning up pollution using living organisms (bacteria or fungi) 9. Serve as experimental subjects in microbial research ex: Ecoli 10. Normal Microbiota

Chapter 1: Part 2 Flashcards

second week notes