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Microbiology > Chapter 1: Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Part 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Caduceus

A

Medical Symbol

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2
Q

Different Viruses

A
  • Rabies Virus- bullet shaped virus
  • Influenza Virus- spikes around the outside
  • SARS- severe acute respiratory virus; a coronavirus-cause common cold respiratory virus (halo around it)
  • HIV with CD4 Lymphocyte
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3
Q

Sporangia

A 
spore sacs (a lot of)
-sporangium- (one)
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4
Q

Different Examples of Animals

A
  • Tapeworm (helminth)- flat worm, it has suckers or hooks that latch onto skin and sucks fluid
  • Fluke- flat worm, has ovaries and testes, then gets everything else from us
  • Tick- can carry many diseases
  • Dracunculus Medinensis- roundworm
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5
Q

Dracunculus Medinensis

A
  • from microorganism animal
  • its a round worm
  • when foot comes in contact with water, the pregnant worm will try to get to the wound
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6
Q

The Branches of Microbiology

A
  • Bacteriology
  • Virology
  • Mycology
  • Phycology
  • Protozoology
  • Parasitology
  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology
  • Etiology
  • Microbial Genetics
  • Infection Control
  • Chemotherapy
  • Biotechnology
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7
Q

Branches of Microbiology: Bacteriology

A

the study of bacteria

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8
Q

Branches of Microbiology: Virology

A

the study of viruses

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9
Q

Branches of Microbiology: Mycology

A

the study of fungus

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10
Q

Branches of Microbiology: Phycology

A

the study of algae

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11
Q

Branches of Microbiology: Protozoology

A

the study of protozoa

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12
Q

Branches of Microbiology: Parasitology

A

the study of parasites

  • any organism that is a parasite
  • a parasite meets a host and gets nutrients from the host (does not kill the host)
    ex: worms
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13
Q

Branches of Microbiology: Immunology

A

the study of immune response

microbes cause immune response

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14
Q

Branches of Microbiology: Epidemiology

A

the study of the spread of disease

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15
Q

Branches of Microbiology: Etiology

A

the study of the cause of disease

also known as etiologic agent

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16
Q

Branches of Microbiology: Microbial Genetics

A

genetic processes of microbes

-learn about replication, transcription, translation of microbes)

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17
Q

Branches of Microbiology: Infection Control

A

control infection

-usually in medical facilities

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18
Q

Branches of Microbiology: Chemotherapy

A

treating disease with chemicals

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19
Q

Branches of Microbiology: Biotechnology

A

manipulation of microbes to make products in an industrial setting

  • genetic recombination
  • causing microbes to do a job for you
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20
Q

Term: Microorganisms are Ubiquitous

A
  • microorganisms live almost EVERYWHERE on earth
  • 50% of microorganisms exist within and beneath the earths crust
  • there are 9 microorganisms per 1 body cell in the human body
  • many microorganisms are required partners in complex associations with animals and fungi
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21
Q

Desmids

A

an algae

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22
Q

Botrytis

A

a fungus (mold)

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23
Q

Cyanobacterium: Nostoc

A

it photosynthesizes- removes CO2 and adds O2 to environment

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24
Q

What did they culture as a source of oil?

A

single-celled algae

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25
Q

Bioremediation

A

cleaning up pollution using living organisms (bacteria or fungi)

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26
Q

Detrimental Effects of Microorganisms on Life

A
  • cause infection

- cause disease (considered a pathogen)

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27
Q

Pathogen

A

-disease causing agent
-opportunistic (chance to grow)
or
-Potential Pathogen (able to make sick only in certain circumstances (change in location))

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28
Q

Parasite

A

lives in or on host: robs host of nutrients

  • Obligate-(virus) has to have a host to reproduce
  • Facultative- does not require a host
29
Q

Emerging Diseases

A

newly identified; reported in increasing numbers

30
Q

Reemerging Diseases

A

older, well-known diseases; increasing in occurrence
(went away then came back)
ex: measles, mumps

31
Q

Describe: Infectious

A

has to be a causative agent

-likely to be transmitted to people, organisms, etc… through the environment

32
Q

Describe: Genetic

A

defective gene

-not a causative agent

33
Q

Describe: Degenerative

A

breakdown

ex: arthritis- over use or bad use can cause breakdown

34
Q

Describe: Chronic

A

not curable, long lasting

35
Q

Communicable

A

capable of being transmitted from host to host
ex: chicken pox
(1 person can give it to another person)

36
Q

Noncommunicable

A

not from host
ex: Tetanus
(bacterium was in soil, did not come from host, bacterium produces toxin)

37
Q

Contagious

A

transmitted from host to host EASILY

ex: chicken pox

38
Q

Robert Hooke 1665

A

coined the word cell

39
Q

Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek

A

1632- 1723

-first observed microorganisms with microscope he invented

40
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter (flies from manure)

-abiogenesis- life comes from nonlife

41
Q

Abiogenesis

A

life comes from nonlife
a- no
-bio- life
-genesis- generating

42
Q

Redi’s Experiment 1668

A

3 jars- experimented with flies and meat
1st jar- open (flies on meat)
2nd jar- closed (no flies)
3rd jar- gauze for air flow (flies stayed on top of gauze)

43
Q

Edward Jenner 1798

A

gets credit for first vaccination

against smallpox virus

44
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis 1840

A
  • correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward
  • instituted washing of hands with chlorinated lime
  • reduced incidence of childbirth fever
45
Q

Joseph Lister

A

credit for aseptic technique in surgery

  • introduced aseptic technique in surgery to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections
  • used carbolic acid (phenol) as disinfectant
  • used heat
46
Q

Germ Theory of Disease

A

-many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body

2 major contributors:

  • Louis Pasteur
  • Robert Koch
47
Q

2 Major Contributors to the Germ Theory of Disease

A
  1. Louis Pasteur

2. Robert Koch

48
Q

Louis Pasteur 1822-1895

A

Credit- Aseptic Technique in Laboratory

  • showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage
  • disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms
  • developed pasteurization
  • demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease
49
Q

Swan Neck Experiment 1860s

A
  • Louis Pasteur’s experiment
  • Short neck, open = contaminated
  • Swan neck (bent neck) = did not get contaminated
  • microbes cant negotiate curbs (does not go around corners)
50
Q

Biogenesis

A

life is generated from life
-Louis Pasteur eventually disproved spontaneous generation and proved the Theory of Biogenesis;
The idea that living things can only arise from other living things

51
Q

Theory of Biogenesis

A

the idea that living things can only arise from other living things

52
Q

Robert Koch 1843- 1910

A

-established Koch’s postulates
Kochs postulates- a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory
-identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera
-developed pure culture methods

53
Q

Hesse (walter + angelina)

A

Walter- was robert koch’s lab manager
Angelina Fannie- cleaning glasswork
-discovered algar as culture method
Algar- semi solid stuff powder mixed with water- boil then becomes solid

54
Q

Hans Christian Gram 1884

A

-Gram Stain procedure:

divides all bacteria into 2 possible groups based on cell wall composition (he used purple and red)

55
Q

Elie Metchnikoff 1908

A

noble prize in medicine for phagocytosis

56
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Father of Chemotherapy

-discovered Salversan (treatment for syphilis)

57
Q

Golden Age of Microbiology

A

1857-1914

  • microbiology started to be viewed as a science
  • better microscopes
  • germs cause disease
58
Q

Alexander Fleming 1928

A
  • studied staphylococcus aureus (colonies were gold when grown on petri dish)
  • saw no bacteria around the mold
  • discovered antimicrobial nature of a substance by mold penicillium colony
  • Ernst Chain + Howard Florey developed it into a drug (penicillin)
59
Q

Ernst Chain + Howard Florey

A

developed alexander felming’s study of penicillium colony into a drug (penicillin)

60
Q

DNA History

-from Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

A

DNA is the genetic material

-1944

61
Q

DNA History

-from James Watson and Francis Crick

A

DNA Structure

-1953

62
Q

Rebecca Lancefield

A

Streptococcal Classification system based on surface antigens

  • Group A strep- includes organisms that gives strep throat
  • Group B strep- common form of death in babies
  • Group G strep
63
Q

Selman Waksman

A

importance of soil microbes (e.g. streptomyces spp.)

-discovered antibiotic streptomycin

64
Q

Nathan, Smith, and Arber did what?

A

discovered restriction enzymes- cut DNA between G and an A

  • 1978
  • Join DNA from unrelated organisms
65
Q

Lynn Margulis

A

-Endosymbiotic Hypothesis
(endosymbiotic theory- no one can disprove it yet)
-1981
-Evolution of Eukaryotic Cell: 1 prokaryotic cell engulfed/ate another one and lived there and became the organelles

66
Q

Stanley Prusiner

A
  • Nobel prize for identification of Prions
  • 1997
  • Proteinaceous particles
  • causative agent of fatal neurological diseases
    1. BSE- makes brain look like a sponge (holes in it; mad cow disease)
    2. CJD- humans get it
    3. CWD- chronic waste disease, elk+ deer shown to have it
67
Q

Microorganisms produce food products

A

Produced by bacterium- sour cream, yogurt, balsamic vinegar, cheese
Fungi- wine, cheese, yeasts, molds

68
Q

Beneficial Effects of Microorganisms on Life

A
  1. Photosynthesizers- remove CO2 and add O2 to environment
  2. Decomposers and Recyclers- sewage treatment, return nutrients to ecosystem
  3. Food Chain
  4. Produce Antimicrobial Substances- (medical significance) ex: mold penicillin
  5. Employed as Vaccines- (disease prevention)
  6. Produce nonfood products- (ethanol, isopropanol)
  7. Produce food products- (bread, wine, cheese, vinegar)
  8. Bioremediation- cleaning up pollution using living organisms (bacteria or fungi)
  9. Serve as experimental subjects in microbial research ex: Ecoli
  10. Normal Microbiota

Microbiology (20 decks)

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