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Applied Pharmacology > Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

Myelosupression requires a stem cell transplant. They can be from…

A

Autologous donor- their own stem cells harvested back into them

Allogenic- matched donor

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2
Q

Lenograstim is used to…

A

Boost stem cell production

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3
Q

The cell cycle includes the following stages…

A 
Mitosis 
G1 
G0 ( cells not dividing) 
S phase (DNS synthesis) 
G2
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4
Q

Alkylating drugs target cells in what phase and how?

A

S phase

They form covalent bonds with DNA : cross linking , prevent uncoiling , inhibit replication

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5
Q

Nitrogen mustards, nitrosoureas, platinum compounds are …

A

Alkylating agents

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6
Q

Mechlorethamine

A

Nitrogen mustard

Iv

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7
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A

Nitrogen mustard

Pro drug , orally, activated in liver to phosphoramide mustard and acrolein

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8
Q

Acrolein can cause….

A

Haemohaggic cystitis so give with loads of fluids

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9
Q

Nitrosoureas are….

A

Highly lipophilic and can cross BBB used for cns tumours

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10
Q

Carmustine (iv)

Lomustine ( oral)

A

Nitrosoureas

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11
Q

Cisplatin

A

Potent platinum compound

Binds to RNA / DNA/ protein

DNA polymerase is generated to repair DNA so resistance can occur

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12
Q

What cancers are more sensitive to Cisplatin

A

Testicular and ovarian

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13
Q

Side effects of Cisplatin

A

Very nephrotoxicity
Anaphylaxis
Severe nausea vomiting

Risk of: tinnitus, gout, peripheral neuropathy

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14
Q

Carboplatin

A

Platinum compound

Derivative of Cisplatin

Less side effects can be given as outpatient

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15
Q

Oxaliplatin

A

Platinum compound

Treat colorectal cancer

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16
Q

Busulfan

A

Alkylation drug

Bone marrow used for leukaemia

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17
Q

Procarbazine

A

Alkylation drug

Treats Hodgkin’s disease

Can cause rash

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18
Q

Trabectadin

A

Alkylating agent

Soft tissue sarcoma
Advanced ovarian cancer

Hepatotoxic

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19
Q

Anti metabolites (FPP)

A

Folate antagonists
Pyrimidine analogues
Purine analogues

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20
Q

Methotrexate

A

Folate antagonist (anti metabolites)

Mostly excreted in urine , NSAIDs can prevent this so be watchful.

Given with folic acid to rescue normal cells

No pregnant women
Lactating mothers but with foilinic acid

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21
Q

Pyramidine analogues mechanism of action

A

Compete with c+t bases which make up RNA and DNA

Inhibit DNA synthesis

22
Q

Fluorouracil

A

Pyrimidine analogue

23
Q

Capecitabine
Cytarabine
Gemcitabine

A

Pyrimidine analogues

Given parenterally

24
Q

Purine analogues mechanism of action

A

Compete with a+g and inhibit purine metabolism

25
Q

Pentostatin

A

Purine analogues

26
Q

Mercatopurine

A

Purine analogues

27
Q

Tioguarine

A

Purine analogues

28
Q

Fludarabine

A

Purine analogues

29
Q

Doxorubicin

A

Cytotoxic antibiotic

Binds and inhibits DNA

Inhibits topoismerase 2

Necrosis at iv site

Can cause heart failure

30
Q

Bleomycin

A

Cytotoxic ABx

Degrades pre formed DNA

Works agains G0

10% causes pulmonary fibrosis
50% develop ulcers, hair loss, fungus

31
Q

Vincristine
Vinblastine
Vindesine

A

Plant derivative

Madagascar periwinkle
Relatively non toxic except vincristine- has neuromuscular effects

Prevent tubule formation / spindle formation (m stage)

32
Q

Solid tumours occupy 1 of 3 compartments. They are …

A

A. Dividing
B. Resting cells g0 capable of dividing
C. Cells no longer dividing but contributing to tumour size

33
Q

Taxane

Paclitaxel, docetaxel

A

Bark of yew tree

Advanced breaths cancer

34
Q

Etoposide

A

Mandrake root

Low bp on iv

Testicular cancer and lymphoma

No skin contact

35
Q

Hormones used to treat cancer, halt its growth by:

A

Receptor antagonists

Opposing hormones

Block synthesis

36
Q

Ethinyloestradiol

A

Oestrogen treatment

37
Q

Diethylstilbestrol

A

Oestrogen treatment

38
Q

Oestrogen so mechanism of action on cancer

A

Antagonist of androgen dependant prostate cancer

Stimulate breast cancer proliferation

39
Q

Progesterone are used to treat

A

Endometrial cancer

40
Q

Megestrol

A

Progesterone

41
Q

Norethisterone

A

Progesterone

42
Q

GnRH mechanism of action

A

Inhibit gnrh release

Lower lh/ fsh release

Lower testosterone

In turn can treat prostate cancer and advanced breast cancer

43
Q

Goserelin
Buserelin
Lueprorelin
Tridtorelin

A

GnRH analogues

44
Q

Somatostatin analogues mechanism of action

A

Inhibit cell proliferation

Eg gastrin and so can be used for gi cancers

45
Q

Acreotide

Lanreotide

A

Somatostatin analogues

46
Q

Tamoxifen

A

Hormone antagonist stops oestrogen production

Breast cancer

Can cause blood clots and endometrial cancer along with menopausal symptoms

47
Q

Prednisone
Dexamethosone

In cancer treatment

A

Inhibit lymphocyte proliferation ( lymphoma, leukaemia)

Counter side effects of treatment

48
Q

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)

A

Produced by hybridoma cells

React with specific target proteins on cancer cells , activate immune system, remove cancer cells

49
Q

Rituximab
Trastuzumab
Ofatumumab
Bevacizumab

A

Monoclonal antibodies

Very expensive
Few side effects as so specific

50
Q

Protein kinase inhibitors mechanism of action

A

Block tyrosine kinases in gf pathways

Oral admin

51
Q

Imatinib
Dosatinib
Nilotinib

A

Protein kinases inhibitors

Applied Pharmacology (13 decks)

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