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Pharmacology > Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Chemotherapy Flashcards

0
Q

Beracixumab is used to stimulate angiogenesis in tumours, true or false

A

False

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1
Q

True or false, tamoxifen is used to treat endometrial cancer

A

False

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2
Q

True or false, diethylstibestrol is an oestrogen analogue - stimulates mammary glands to proliferate

A

True

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3
Q

Vincristine is an example of a plant alkaloid, true or false

A

True

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4
Q

True or false, methotrexate is an anti-metabolite

A

True

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5
Q

True or false, flurouracil is a pyrimidine analogue. It competes with adenine and guanine in DNA synthesis

A

False, it competes with C&T bases which make up RNA and DNA

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6
Q

Why are cytotoxic drugs often given in combo

  1. 2drugs are always more effective
  2. General toxicity is reduced
  3. Decrease the chance of developing resistance
A

2 & 3

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7
Q

True or false cytotoxic antibiotics act directly on DNA

A

True

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8
Q

The drugs goserelin and buserelin can be used to treat advanced breast cancer, true or false

A

True

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9
Q

Cyclophosphamide is usually administered with a small volume of liquid, true or false

A

False, a large volume is administered

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10
Q

True or false, chemotherapy is designed to be selectively toxic to tumour cells

A

True

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11
Q

Alkylating agents form covalent bonds with DNA to impede destruction, true or false

A

False

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12
Q

How do tumours metastasise

A

Produce enzymes which break down the extracellular matrix

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13
Q

What is a common site for secondary tumour in breast Ca

A

Kidney

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14
Q

In a solid tumour cells occupy 3 compartments; diving cells, resting cells (G0) phase, cells no longer dividing but contribute to tumour volume. Which compartment are susceptible to most cytotoxic drugs

A

Diving cells

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15
Q

Alkylating agents target cells in what phase?

A

S phase - DNA synthesis

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16
Q

Which class of drugs form covalent bonds with DNA, preventing uncoiling which inhibits replication

A

Alkylating agents

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17
Q

What additional side effects do Alkylating agents have

A

Sterility (esp. In men)

Increase risk of non-lymphocytic leukaemia

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18
Q

Nitrogen mustards, nitrosoureas and platinum compounds are all classes of which type of anticancer drug

A

Alkylating agents

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19
Q

Mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, melphalan, chlorambucil, bendamustine and estramustine are all which type of drug

A

Cytotoxic, Alkylating events, nitrogen mustards

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20
Q

How are nitrogen mustards administered

A

IV

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21
Q

Which Alkylating agents can be used for CNS tumours

A

Nitrosoureas - highly lipophillic

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22
Q

What type of drugs are carmustine and lomustine

A

Nitrosoureas, Alkylating agents, cytotoxic

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23
Q

How is the nitrosourea carmustine administered

A

i.v

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24
Q

How is the nitrosourea lomustine administered

A

Orally

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25
Q

Name a drug which is a platinum compound

A

Cisplatin

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26
Q

Which anticancer drug binds to purine bases

A

Cisplatin, a platinum compound

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27
Q

Which types of cancer are more sensitive to cisplatin?

A

Testicular and ovarian, they have low levels of repair enzyme

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28
Q

How is cisplatin, the platinum compound administered

A

Slow i.v injection/ infusion

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29
Q

Which drug is a derivative of cisplatin, but has fewer side effects and can be given as an outpatient

A

Carboplatin

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30
Q

True or false, carboplatin is more myelotoxic than cisplatin

A

True

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31
Q

Name a platinum compound which is used to treat colorectal cancer

A

Oxaliplatin

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32
Q

Busulfan, an Alkylating agent is used to treat what?

A

Leukaemia, as it is selective for bone marrow

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33
Q

What is the Alkylating agent procarbazine used to treat

A

Hodgkin’s disease

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34
Q

What is the Alkylating agent trabectedin used to treat

A

Soft tissue sarcoma

Advanced ovarian cancer

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35
Q

Is trabectedin used to treat advanced ovarian cancer

A

Yes

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36
Q

Which drug is an example of an antimetabolite

A

Methotrexate

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37
Q

Which drug inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, which is essential for DNA synthesis

A

Methotrexate

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38
Q

True or false,methotrexate is a folate antagonist

A

True

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39
Q

How is methotrexate administered

A

Orally
I.M
I.V
Intrathecally

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40
Q

Methotrexate has low lipid solubility, what does this mean

A

Does not readily cross the blood-brain-barrier

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41
Q

Which drugs can interact with methotrexate, reducing excretion, increasing toxicity?

A

NSAIDs

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42
Q

True or false, methotrexate is mostly secreted unchanged in urine

A

True

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43
Q

Flurouracil, capecitabine, cytarabine and gemcitabine are examples of which type of drugs

A

Pyrimidine analogues, antimetabolites

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44
Q

Which drugs compete with C and T bases which make up RNA and DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis

A

Pyrimidine analogues

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45
Q

How are pyrimidine analogues administered

A

Parenterally

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46
Q

Which drugs compete with A and G bases which inhibit purine metabolism?

A

Purine analogues

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47
Q

Mercaptopurine/tioguanine are purine analogues used mainly in the treatment of what

A

Leukaemia

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48
Q

Mercaptopurine, pentostatin and fludarabine are examples of what type of drug

A

Purine analogues, antimetabolites

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49
Q

Doxorubicin is an example of which type of drug

A

Cytotoxic antibiotic

50
Q

Which anticancer drugs bind directly to DNA, inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis

A

Cytotoxic abx. Eg. Doxorubicin

51
Q

True or false, doxorubicin inhibits topoisomerase II

A

True

52
Q

How is the cytotoxic abx doxorubicin administered

A

IV infusion

53
Q

Which drug can cause local necrosis, cardiac dysrhythmias/heart failure at high doses

A

Doxorubicin

54
Q

Which cytotoxic abx degrades pre-formed DNA

A

Bleomycin

55
Q

Which cytotoxic abx is active against non-dividing cells

A

Bleomycin

56
Q

Which drug causes little myelosupression but causes pulmonary fibrosis in 10% of patients

  1. Doxorubicin
  2. Vinblastine
  3. Bleomycin
  4. Exemastine
A

Bleomycin

57
Q

Dactinomycin, mitomycin, belong in and doxorubicin are all examples of what type of drug

A

Cytotoxic abx

58
Q

Which cytotoxic drugs are derived from Madagascar periwinkle

A

Vinca alkaloids

59
Q

Vincristine, vinblastin and vindesine are all examples of which type of drugs

A

Vinca alkaloids, cytotoxic drugs

60
Q

Which phase of the cell cycle to vinca alkaloids effect

A

M phase - mitosis

61
Q

Which plant derivative, cytotoxic drugs can be used to treat advanced breast cancer

A

Taxanes, eg. paclitaxel, docetaxel

62
Q

Which cytotoxic drugs are derived from the bark of the yew tree

A

Taxanes

63
Q

True or false, paclitaxel can be used to treat advanced breast cancer and ovarian cancer

A

True

64
Q

Which Taxanes can be used to treat ovarian cancer

A

Paclitaxel and carboplatin

65
Q

Paclitaxel, docetaxel, and carboplatin are all which types of drugs

A

Taxanes, cytotoxic drugs

66
Q

Which cytotoxic drug is derived from mandrake root

A

Etoposide

67
Q

Which cytotoxic plant derivative is used to treat testicular cancer and lymphomas?

A

Etopside

68
Q

Which cytotoxic plant derivative must avoid skin contact?

  1. Taxanes
  2. Etoposide
  3. Vinca alkaloids
A

2

69
Q

What is a side effects of the cytotoxic drug etoposide

A

Rapid fall in BP during IV infusion

70
Q

Which type of anti cancer drugs rarely cure disease, but reduce symptoms

A

Hormones

71
Q

Which anti cancer drugs are only used in treatment if cancers in hormone sensitive tissues; breast, ovaries, prostate

A

Hormones

72
Q

Which hormone can you use to treat prostate cancer

A

Oestrogens

73
Q

Ethinyloestradial and diethylstibestrol are what types of drugs used in the treatment of prostate cancer

A

Oestrogen hormones

74
Q

True or false, Oestrogens (eg. ethinyloestradiol and diethylstibestrol) are agonists of androgen dependent prostate cancer

A

False, they are antagonists

75
Q

Which anti cancer drugs cause side effects; nausea, fluid retention, thrombosis, impotence and gynaecomastia

A

Oestrogens - ethinyloestradiol and diethylstibestrol

76
Q

Ostrogens; ethinyloestradiol and diethylstibestrol used in the treatment of prostate cancer stimulate resting mammary cancer cells to proliferate, why is this useful?

A

Causes them to enter compartment A, which is the compartment where most cytotoxic drugs can work

77
Q

Which hormones can be used to treat endometrial cancer

A

Progestogens

78
Q

Progestogens; megestrol, medroxyprogesterone, norethisterone can be used to treat which cancer

A

Endometrial

79
Q

Which type of anti cancer drugs are megestrol, medroxyprogesterone and norethisterone

A

Progestogens

80
Q

What is the hormone treatment GnRH analogues used to treat

A

Prostate cancer and advanced breast cancer in premenopausal women

81
Q

How does the hormone treatment GnRH analogues work in the treatment of prostate and advanced breast cancer in premenopausal women

A

Inhibits the release of GnRH, which decreases the LH/FSH which decreases the amount if testosterone

82
Q

What type of anticancer drugs are; goserelin, buserelin, leuprorelin, triptorelin

A

GnRH analogues

83
Q

What type of hormone therapy is used to treat hormone-secreting tumours of the GI tract (eg. Thyroid)

A

Somatostatin analogues

84
Q

How does the hormone treatment somatostatin analogues work

A

Inhibits cell proliferation / hormone (CCK/gastrin) secretion

85
Q

What type of drugs are octreotide and lanreotide

A

Somatostatin analogues

86
Q

What type of hormone therapy would you use to treat hormone-secreting tumours of the GI tract

A

Somatostatin analogues

87
Q

What can be used to counteract some side effects of anticancer drugs

A

Glucocorticoids - prednisolone and Dexamethasone

88
Q

When can the glucocorticoids prednisolone and Dexamethasone be used as anti cancer treatment

A

In the treatment of lymphomas/ leukaemias - they inhibit lymphocyte proliferation

89
Q

Which cancer can the hormone antagonist tamoxifen be used for

A

Breast cancer

90
Q

What can the hormone antagonist fulvestrant be used to treat

A

Breast cancer

91
Q

How do the hormone antagonists tamoxifen and fulvestrant work in the treatment of breast cancer

A

Competitive antagonist at oestrogen Rs, inhibits transcription of oestrogen -responsive genes

92
Q

What adverse effects can be caused by the hormone antagonist tamoxifen

A

Similar to menopausal effects

Can cause endometrial cancer

Increase risk of blood clots

93
Q

Which cancer are the hormone antagonists letrozole and exemastine used to treat

A

Breast cancer

94
Q

How do the drugs letrozole and exemastine work?

A

Block conversion of androgens to Oestrogens

95
Q

Which cancer would you use the hormone antagonists flutamide, cyproterone, bicalutamide to treat

A

Prostate cancer

96
Q

The anti cancer drugs monoclonal antibodies are produced how

A

By cultured hybridoma cells

97
Q

Which type of anti cancer drugs work by reacting with specific target proteins expressed on cancer cells, which activates the immune system, causing lysis of cancer cells

A

Monoclonal antibodies

98
Q

What is an advantage of monoclonal antibody treatment for cancer

A

Targeted therapy therefore fewer side effects

99
Q

What is a disadvantage of monoclonal antibody therapy

A

Very expensive

100
Q

True or false some monoclonal antibodies work by activating GF-Rs on cancer cells which inhibits their survival/promotes apoptosis

A

True

101
Q

What type of anti cancer treatment is rituximab

A

Monoclonal antibody

102
Q

How does the monoclonal antibody therapy rituximab work?

A

Binds to CD20 protein which is expressed on certain lymphoma cells, causing lysis of B-lymphocytes

103
Q

What can the monoclonal antibody herald rituximab be used to treat

A

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

104
Q

How effective is the drug rituximab

A

40-50% when combined with traditional chemo

105
Q

What are the side effects of rituximab

A

Hypotension

Chills & fever

106
Q

Trastuzumab, ofatumumab, bevacizumab are all examples of what type of drug

A

Monoclonal antibodies

107
Q

What is the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab used to treat

A

Breast cancer

108
Q

What does the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab bind to to induce an immune response and cell cycle inhibitors

A

HER2

109
Q

What percentage of breast cancer patients is HER2 over-expressed in?

A

~25%

110
Q

Which monoclonal antibody can cause the following side effects; flu-like symptoms, itchy eyes, BP changes, palpitations

A

Trastuzumab

111
Q

What is the monoclonal antibody ofatumumab used to treat

A

Resistant chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

112
Q

What is the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab used to treat

A

Colorectal cancer

113
Q

How is the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab usually administered

A

IV

114
Q

What does the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab do?

A

Neutralises VEGF, preventing angiogenesis

115
Q

What type of drug is the anti cancer drug imatinib

A

Protein kinase inhibitor

116
Q

What is the protein kinase inhibitor Imatinib used to treat

A

Chronic myeloid leukaemia

117
Q

How is the drug imatinib administered

A

Orally

118
Q

What type of drugs are dasatinib, imatinib and nilotinib

A

Protein kinase inhibitors

119
Q

Why are cytotoxic drugs usually given in combination

A

To increase the cytotoxicity without increasing the general toxicity

And to decrease the chance of a resistance developing

120
Q

Why are anti cancer drugs often given in large doses every 2-3 weeks

A

To allow bone marrow to regenerate

Decrease chance of resistance developing

More effective than lots of small doses

121
Q

What drug might be given to control the anxiety liked with chemotherapy

A

Lorazepam

122
Q

Why might the drugs metoclopramide, ondansetron or granisetron be given along side chemotherapy

A

To help control the nausea and vomiting

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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