Chemistry week 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Single, short-term exposure
A
Acute toxicity
2
Q
Dose is sufficient to cause immediate toxic effects
A
Acute toxicity
3
Q
Repeated and frequent exposure for extended period of time
A
Chronic toxicity
4
Q
Dose that are insufficient to cause immediate acute response
A
Chronic toxicity
5
Q
Grain alcohol
A
Ethanol
6
Q
Seen in alcoholic beverages
A
Ethanol
7
Q
Most common abused drug
A
Ethanol
8
Q
Wood alcohol
A
Methanol
9
Q
Converted into formaldehyde, then finally to formic acid
A
Methanol
10
Q
1,2 - ethanediol
A
Ethylene glycol
11
Q
Deposition of calcium oxalate (monohydrate) crystals in renal tubules is caused by
A
Ethylene glycol
12
Q
Rubbing alcohol
A
Isopropanol
13
Q
can cause CNS depression and hypertension. Can also increase acetone in the blood and urine
A
Isopropanol
14
Q
Leftward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve resulting in a decrease in the amount of oxygen delivered to the tissue
A
Carbon monoxide
15
Q
Cherry red color of the blood and the face
A
Carbon monoxide poisoining
16
Q
Units of carbon monoxide in blood
A
%
16
Q
units of carbon monoxide in air
A
ppm
17
Q
Common suicide agent
A
Cyanide
18
Q
Bitter almonds odor
A
Cyanide
19
Q
_____ are the most abundant pesticides and are responsible for about one-third of all pesticide poisoning
A
Organophosphates
20
Q
Decreased levels of this are seen in pesticides poisoning
A
Pseudocholinesterase
21
Q
Strong affinity to keratin
A
Arsenic
22
Q
Mee’s line
A
Arsenic
23
Q
Specimen for short-term exposure of arsenic
A
Urine and blood
24
Specimen for long-term exposure of arsenic
Hair or nails
25
Garlic breath
Arsenic
26
Can cause tubular proteinuria, glucosuria, and aminoaciduria
Defect in tubular reabsorption
Cadmium
27
(+) GGT in sample
Cadmium toxicity
28
Acquired via skin contact, inhalation, and ingestion (except animal bite)
Lead poisoning
29
Plumbism
Lead poisoning
30
Interferes with vitamin D and heme synthesis
can lead to anemia (microcytic, hypochromic,)
Lead
31
Basophilic stippling can be seen in?
Lead poisoning
32
Sample for lead testing
Whole blood
33
Anticoagulant for lead testing
EDTA (tan top)
34
Mercury is acquired though
inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion
35
Erethism, and Pink disease (acrodynia) is caused by
Elemental mercury
36
Congenital minimata disease is caused by
Alkyl mercury
37
Cocaine, benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite), Amphetamines, Methamphteamines
CNS stimulants
38
Barbiturates, Methaqualone, Benzodiazepines, Oxycodone, Morphine, Heroine, Codeine, Methadone
CNS depressants
39
Cannabinoids (Marijuana), Phencyclidine (PCP)
Hallucinogens
40
Lithium, Tricyclic antidepressants
Antidepressant
41
Most potent and abundant cannabinoid
Marijuana
42
Only prohibited drug that can be positive for45 days (long half-life)
Marijuana
43
Half-life is 0.5 to 1 hour
Cocaine
44
Amphetamine derivative commonly referred to as ecstacy
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
45
Reference method for drugs of abuse detection
GCMS
46
Temp of urine for drug test
32.5 to 37.7 C
47
Volume of urine for drug test
60 mL
48
Trained to examine the nature of those effects
Toxicologist
49
Describes the degree to which a substance is poisonous or can cause injury
Toxicity
50
Concerned with health effects from exposure to chemicals in the workplace
Occupational/Industrial toxicology
51
Includes the evaluation of environmental chemical pollutants and their impact on human health
Environmental toxicology
52
Gathers and evaluate existing toxicological information to establish concentration-based standard of "safe" exposure
Regulatory toxicology
53
Involved in delivering a safe and edible supply of food to the consumer
Food toxicology
54
Concerned with diseases illnesses associated with short term or long-term exposure to toxic chemicals
Clinical toxicology
55
Concerned with gathering toxicological information from animal experimentation
Descriptive toxicology
56
Used to help establish cause and effect relationships between exposure to a drug or chemical and the toxic or lethal effects that results from the exposure
Forensic toxicology
57
Identifies the toxicant through analysis of body fluids, stomach content, excrement, or skin
Analytical toxicology
58
Makes observation on how toxic substances cause their effects
Mechanistic toxicology
59
Any chemical that can injure or kill humans, animals, or plants
Toxicant
60
Usually used when talking about toxic substances produced naturally
Toxin
61
Those that are damaging to either the survival or normal function of the individual
Adverse effect
62
Poisonous or deadly effects on the body by inhalation, ingestion, or absorption, or by direct contact
Toxic
63
State of decreased responsiveness to a toxic effect of a chemical resulting from a prior exposure to the chemical or structurally related chemical
Tolerance
64
Defined as a exogenous agents that may have an adverse effect on a living organism
Xenobiotics
65
Also exogenous agents that have an adverse effect on a biological system
Poisons
66
Endogenous substances that are biologically synthesized either in living cells or in microorganisms
Toxins
67
Transformation in chemical cause by the activity of hepatocytes (cytochrome p450 isoenzyme)
Xenobiotic biotransformation
68
Two major organ which are mostly the target organ
Liver and Kidney
69
The amount of chemical entering the body
Dose
70
Dose is dependent upon
Environmental concentration
Properties of the toxicant
Frequency of exposure
Length of exposure
Exposure pathway
71
Increasing response, increasing dose
Graded dose response
72
No particular dose conder fetal or lethal to individual
Quantal dose response
73
Grading for toxicology
Low dose =
0-1 =
2-3 =
4 =
Low dose = Low response
0-1 = No observed adverse effect level
2-3 = Linear range
4 = Maximum response
74
The toxic dose (toxic response)
TD50
75
The lethal dose (Death)
LD50
76
The effective dose
ED50
77
The median lethal concentration
LC50
78
Toxic symptoms are expressed after repeated applications for a timeframe less than half the life expectancy of the organisms
Subchronic exposure
79
Can drastically effect the rate of clearance of compounds
Biotransformation metabolism
80
Common CNS depressant
Caused disorientation, euphoria, confusion and progress to unconsciousness, paralysis and even death
Alcohols
81
How alcohol metabolized
Alcohol > ADH > Aldehyde > ADH > Acid
82
Ethanol will be converted into ____, catalyzed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, and will be further oxidized into ____ as catalyzes by ADH
Acetaldehyde, acetic acid
83
Alcohol leaves the body in the average range of
0.015 g/100 ml/hr
84
Marker for chronic alcoholism
GGT
85
Methanol is converted first to _____, then finally to ____ by hepatic ALDH
Formaldehyde, Formic acid
86
No obvious impairment, some changes observable on performance testing
0.01 - 0.05
87
Mild euphoria, decreased inhibitions, some impairment of motor skill
0.03-0.12
88
Decreased inhibitions, loss of critical judgment, memory impairment, diminished reaction time
0.09-0.25
89
Mental confusion, dizziness, strongly impaired motor skills
0.18 - 0.30
90
Unable to stand or walk, vomiting, impaired consciousness
0.27 - 0.40
91
Coma and possible death
0.35 - 0.50
92
Fatal dose of methanol
60-250 mL
93
Treatment for methanol poisoning
Administration of ethanol or preferably fomepizole to inhibit the metabolism of methanol
Sodium bicarbonate therapy to help alleviate the metabolic acidosis
Folate administration to enhance folate-mediated metabolism of formate
The use of hemodialysis to enhance clearance of methanol and formate
94
Antifreeze
Ethylene Glycol (1,2 Ethanediol)
95
COBH % in nonsmokers
0.5%
96
COBH % in smokers
5-15%
97
COBH % shortness of breath with vigorous exercise
10%
98
COBH % shortness of breath with moderate exercise
20%
99
COBH % sever headaches, fatigue, impairment of judgment
30%
100
COBH % Confusion, fainting on exertion
40-50%
101
COBH % Unconscious, resp failure, death with continuous exposure
60-70%
102
COBH % immediately fatal
80%
103
Common suicide agent that is a component of insecticides and rodenticides
Cyanide
104
Non toxic product of cyanide
Thiocyanate
105
Because of cyanohemoglobin in blood circulation
Pink mauve discoloration
106
Corrective therapy for cyanide
Dilution
107
Aspirin
Acetaminophen
Anti-inflammatory
108
Theophylline, Theobromine
Bronchodilators
109
Digoxin, Procainamide, Quinidine, Lidocaine, Propranolol, Amlodarone, Verapamil
Cardiotropic
110
Phenobarbitals, Phenytoin, Primidone, Ethosuximide, Carbamazepine, Vaproic acid
Anticonvulsants
111
Cyclosporine, Tarcolimus, Rapamycin, Mycophenolate motefil, Leflunomide
Immunosuppresive
112
Aminoglycosides, Vancomycin, Chloramphenicol
Antibiotics
113
Lithium, TCA, Fluoxetine
Psychoactive drugs
114
Methotrexate, Busulfan
Chemotherapeutic agents
115
Also known as salycylate
Aspirin
116
Also known as Paracetamol
Acetaminophen
117
Acetaminophen is toxic to?
Liver (hepatotoxic)
118
Ototoxic, Nephrotoxic, Kills gram neg bacteria
Aminoglycosides
119
Kills gram-pos bacteria, ototoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Red man syndrome
Vancomycin
120
Produces Aplastic anemia
Chlorampenicol
121
Specimen of choice for TDM
Serum and plasma
122
Anticoagulant of choice for TDM
Heparin
EDTA, Citrate, or oxalate are unacceptable except for cyclosporine and tacrolimus
123
Trough level are drawn _____
It represents the ____ in the blood and ensure the drug is in the therapeutic range
right before the next dose, lowest level
124
Peak level intravenous
After 30 minutes of injection of drugs
125
Peak level intramuscular
After 1 hour of injection of drugs
126
Peak level oral
After 1 to 2 hours of ingestion of drugs
127
5 pharmacological parameters of drugs (LADME)
Liberation, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolize, Excrete
128
Considered as downers, gives the feeling of calmness, deep sleep, and no pain
Narcotics
129
Derived from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)
Opiates
130
Binds to mu-receptor in the limbic system
Morphine
131
Enables to suppress/decrease the feeling of pain.
Analgesic
132
Antitussive
Codeine
133
Extract obtained in the plants, it will be mixed with chemical such as petroleum products. Then, it will be subjected to extraction until the needed end product is obtained
Heroin
134
Also used as analgesic
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
135
Depress the CNS and are used therapeutically as analgesics, cough suppressants, and against diarrhea.
Opiates
136
Antagonist for opiate overdose
Naloxone
137
Major metabolite of opiate
N-acetylmorphine or morphine in general
138
Synthetic form of opiates.
It is relatively potent, easily dissolved in water for injecting and penetrates the blood-brain barrier
Obtained as powder then mixed w/ diluent that is injected through IV
Heroin
139
Half life is 4-6 hours
Chasing the dragon method
Heroin
140
Blanco, brown sugar, Kabayo, Kengkoy, Gamot, matsakao, pulbos, sapsap, tinik
Heroin
141
M, dreamer, Emma, Emsel, Pulbos
Morphine
142
Schoolboy
Codeine
143
Having an "up" quality to user
Referred to as uppers
Induce temporary improvements in mental or physical functions
Stimulants
144
Used to treat narcolepsy before
Amphetamine
145
Most common Amphetamine containing medications for ADHD
Adderall
146
Made up of methamphetamine sulfate
Crank
147
Made up of methamphetamine hydrochloride
Crystal
148
A colorless and odorless concentration of methamphetamine
Ice
149
SHABU, Ice, meth, shabs, ubas, siopao, sha, poor man's coccaine, uppers, speed
Methamphetamine
150
Ephedrine, psuedoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine
Amphetamine like compound that is medications for coughs and colds
151
MDMA
ecstasy or molly
152
Affects the level of serotonin
MDMA
153
Depression is a common after-effect of
MDMA use
Because serotonin is depleted after the burst of excretion by the use of MDMA
154
C.N, coke, crack, gold dust, heaven's dust, stardust, white girl, speedballs
Cocaine
155
Derived from the leaves of coca plant (erythroxylon coca)
Cocaine
156
Stimulants of the CNS that acts on dopamine
Cocaine
157
Cocaine screenings test for drugs
Spot test
158
Benzoylecgonine
Cocaine metabolite
159
C.N, Marijuana, Cannabis, Indian hemp, pot, grass, weed, refer, dope, maryjane, sinosomilla, damo,acapulco gold, flower, pampa-pogi
Cannabinoids
160
Delta-9-tetra-hydrocanabinol
The principal psychoactive component of cannabinoids
161
More concentrated form of marijuana
Hashish
162
Can remain in the body 1 month after consumption
Lipophilic (cannabinoids)
163
Detected time in urine cannabinoids
3-5 days; for chronic user 4 weeks
164
11-nordeltatetrahydrocannabinol
Urine metabolite of cannabinoid
165
A synthetic dissociative drug originally developed as a general anesthetic
Phencyclidine
166
Angel dust/ Angel hair, Amoeba, Amp, Belladona, Animal trank, Zoom
PCP (straight)
167
Wet, Dust blunt, Happy, Stick, Fry sticks, Love boat
Marijuana/PCP combination
168
Elephant flipping, Pikachu
PCP and MDMA
169
Causes undulating vision
Lysergic acid diethylamide
170
Most common form of LSD is
Blotter acid - sheets of paper that have been laced with lsd
171
Tablets LSD form
Microdots
172
Used for inducing sleep especially in patients who are in
heightened feeling of pain
Benzodiazepine
173
Widely used, not to lead general anesthesia or death.
Benzodiazepines
174
The older sedative-hypnotics, general depression of CNS.
Barbiturates
175
Major metabolite of sedatives
Secobarbital
176
To measure and monitor circulating drug levels primarily in serum, plasma, or whole blood
TDM
177
Purpose of TDM
Ensure that a given drug dosage is within a range that produces maximal therapeutic benefit
178
100% bioavailability
IV route
179
Most preferred bc it directly goes to circulation without metabolism
IV route
180
0.7 bioavailability
Oral route
181
Requires dissolution in drug absorption
Tablets and capsules
182
Weak acids
Efficiently absorbed in the stomach
183
Weak bases
Absorbed in the intestine
184
All substances absorbed from the intestine enter the hepatic portal system
First-pass metabolism
185
Class I cardioactive drugs
Rapid sodium channel blocker
Quinidine, Procainamide, Lidocaine
186
Class II cardioactive drugs
Beta receptor blockers
Acebutolol, atenolol, metoprolol, nadolol, pindolol, propranolol
Sectral, tenormin, Lopressor, Corgard, Visken, Inderal
187
Class III cardioactive drugs
Potassium channel blocker
Amiodarone
188
Class IV cardioactive drugs
Calcium channel blocker
Verapamil
189
A cardiac glycoside extracted from foxgloves leaves
Digoxin
190
Most important inotrope
Digoxin
191
Used to treat Congestive heart failure
Digoxin
192
Inhibit sodium potassium pump
Digoxin
193
Peak serum level of digoxin
8 hours after an oral dose
194
Half life of digoxin
38 hours
195
Toxic level of digoxin
>2 ng/ml
196
Digoxin
Onset
HL
TSL
Onset: Rapid
HL: Short
TSL: 0.5-2 ng/mL
197
Digitoxin
Onset
HL
TSL
Onset: Slower
HL: Longer
TSL: 9-25 ng/mL
198
Used to correct ventricular arrhythmia and to prevent ventricular fibrilation
Lidocaine
199
Primary product of hepatic metabolism of lidocaine
MEGX (Monoethylglycinexylidide)
200
Used to treat wolff-parkinson white syndrome
Procainamide
201
Hepatic metabolite for Procainamide
N-acetyl-procainamide (NAPA)
202
Substitute for quinidine
Disopyramide
203
A beta receptor blocking drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris
Propranolol
204
Blocks potassium channels in the cardiac muscle
Amiodarone
205
Blocks L-type Ca channels especially on the AVN, where conduction is entirely dependent on CA2+ spikes
Verapamil
206
Highly potent drug used only for serious ventricular arrhythmias that fail to respond to other medications
Not used for patient with a history of heart attack or Congestive heart failure
Flecainide
207
Promotes constriction of the arterioles
Alpha blockers
208
Blocking constriction promotes dilation of vessels and lowers blood pressure as well as reducing the work of the heart in some situations
Alpha blockers
209
Doxazosin, Prazosin, Terazosin or Cardura, Minipress, Hyrin
Alpha blockers
210
Prevent production of angiotensin II
ACE inhibitors
211
Captopril (capoten), Enalapril (vasotec), Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)
ACE inhibitor
212
Distributes to all tissues and it concentrates in the CSF
Chloramphenicol
213
Involves conditions such as epilepsy, convulsions, and seizures which are prevalent neurologic disorders
Anti-epileptic drug
214
Long acting barbiturate that controls several types of seizures
Phenobarbital
215
Controls tonic-clonic seizures
Phenytoin
216
TREATMENT of petit mal
Valproic acid
217
CONTROLLING petit mal
Ethosuximide (Zarontin)
218
Use in sever epilepsies
Felbamate
219
Treatment of manic depressive illness
Lithium
220
Drugs for cluster headache
Lithium
221
Blocks the reuptake of serotonin in central serotonergic pathways
Fluoxentine (Prozac)
222
Treatment for refractory schizophrenia
Clozapine
223
Thienobenzodiazepine derivative
Olanzapine
224
Inhibits cellular immune response by locking production of Interleukin-2 which is responsible for regulating immunity and WBC activity
Cyclosporine
225
Used to prevent rejection of allogeneic organ transplants and for suppression of graft vs host disease
Cyclosporine
226
100x more stronger than cyclosporine
Tacrolimus
227
Antifungal agent with immunosuppressive activity
Rapamycin
228
Rapidly converted in the liver to mycophenolic acid
Supplemental therapy with cyclosporine and tacrolimus
Mycophenolate mofetil
229
Inhibits lymphocyte proliferation
Leflunamide
230
Drugs to prevent/inhibit the development of neoplasm or tumor
Anti-neoplastic
231
Inhibits DNA synthesis in all cells by blocking dihydrofolate reductase
Methotrexate
232
Used to reverse the action of methotrexate
Leucovorin
233
An alkylating agent used to treat leukemias and lymphomas prior to bone marrow transplantation
Busulfan
234
A common analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drug
Aspirin/Salicylates
235
Risperdal, Olonzapine, Quetiapine, Arpiprazole
Neuroleptics
236
Specimen of choice in TDM is
Serum or plasma
237
Drawn right before the next dose
Trough concentration
238
Draw one hour after an orally administered dose except digoxin
Peak concentration
239
Gold standard for TDM
GCMS
