Chemistry exams Flashcards
Identification of a patient can be obtained from the following except:
A. Verbal identification statement
B. Identification band
C. A relative, nurse, or attending physician
D. Patient on the same ward
D. Patient on the same ward
True about plasma except:
A. Liquid Portion of an anticoagulated blood
B. Requires centrifugation to be obtained but does not need to be allowed to clot
C. Does not contain Fibrinogen
D. Has a high water content
C. Does not contain fibrinogen
Consumption of fibrinogen is in serum. PLASMA DOES NOT CLOT THEREFORE FIBRINOGEN IS STILL PRESENT
Ideal for glucose determination
A. Serum sample from a plain tube
B. Serum obtained from a gel separator tube
C. Whole blood with fluoride
C. Whole blood with Fluoride
All are NOT true about tourniquet except:
A. Should be applied near the site of collection
B. Application is required for arterial puncture
C. Paper tourniquet may be reused
D. Blood pressure cuff must be inflated up to 40-60 mmHg
D. Blood pressure cuff must be inflated up to 40-60 mmHg
Not true except yung tanong thus tama yung TRUE yung D.
Reusable tourniquets have a high risk of transmitting:
A. Blood borne diseases
B. Skin penetrating parasites
C. Antibiotic resistant bacteria
C. Antibiotic resistant bacteria
Blood borne diseases - needle prick
Difference between a plastic and glass plain tube is that the former:
1. Contains clot activator
2. Requires 5x inversion
3. No clot activator
4. No inversion required
3 and 4
Basal state means
Fasting samples are collected early in the morning with no strenuous activities
To decrease the rate of glycolysis by the WBC, whole blood for glucose determination must be stored at?
Ref temp - Slows down degradation
Which of the following does NOT properly describe type 1 DM
A. absolute insulin deficiency
B. Associated with autoimmune destruction of pancreatic B-cells
C. Ketoacidosis prone
D. occurs more frequently in ADULTS
D. occurs more frequently in ADULTS
Type 1 DM is juvenile onset diabetes
Which glucose method catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose by adenosine triphosphate forming glucose-6-phosphate and adenosine diphosphate with the absorbance of the product read at 340nm
Hexokinase - ATP > G6P and ADP
Reference interval for fasting serum glucose in an adult expressed in SI unit
3.3-5.6 mmol/L
Glucose conversion factor
0.0555
Glucose unit measured using Hexokinase method
A. Alpha-D-Glucose
B. Beta-D-Glucose
Both A and B are correct
Which of the following is true about type II diabetes
1. Adult-onset diabetes mellitus
2. Can be caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
3. Insulin dependent type of diabetes mellitus
4. C-Peptide levels are detectable
1 and 4
A 68-yea-old obese woman visits her doctor reporting increased urination (especially at night), increased thirst, and increased appetite. Her glucose on examination was 210mg/dL (fasting) Which of the following statements best fits with the given information above?
A. Type 1 DM
B. Patients urine will show a positive glucose
C. Impaired fasting glucose
D. Decreased HBA1C
B and C
Renal glucose threshold is 160-180mg/dL
Impaired fasting glucose kasi borderline pa lang
What effect if any, would be expected when the secretion of epinephrine is stimulated by physical or emotional stress
A. Decrease blood glucose level
B. Increased blood glucose level
C. Increased glycogen storage
D. No effect
B. Increased glucose level
Epinephrine will trigger the release of cortisol, cortisol makes glucose higher
Cut off value for HDL cholesterol
A. 30mg/dL
B. 40mg/dL
C. 50 mg/dL
D. 60 mg/dL
B. 40mg/dL - desirable
Mas maganda mas mataas HDL
A patient sample is assayed for fasting TAG and a TAG value of 1036 mg/dL. This value is of immediate concern because of its association with which of the following conditions?
A. CHD
B. Diabetes
C. Pancreatitis
C. Pancreatitis
TAG value of over 500 mg/dL is associated with liver and pancreas problem
Which of the following would be expected to be falsely elevated on a serum specimen from a non-fasting patient
A. Cholesterol
B. TAG
C. HDL
D. LDL
TAG
Pre-mature atherosclerosis can occur when which of the following becomes elevated
A. Chylomicrons
B. VLDL
C. LDL
D. HDL
C. LDL
When electrophoresed, migration of lipoprotein starting from anode will be?
HDL - VLDL - LDL - Chylomicrons
Turbid serum sample caused by VLDL after overnight would have?
Turbid supernatant without creamy layer on top
Clear supernatant with creamy layer on top = chylomicrons
Turbid supernatant with creamy layer on top = Chylomicrons and VLDL
Level of cholesterol considered as borderline high and treatment should start
200-239 mg/dL
<200mg/dL = Normal
>240 mg/dL = High
VLDL
a. Obstructive jaundice
b. Floating beta-lipoprotein
B. Floating beta-lipoprotein
LPx - Obstructive jaundice
LP(a) - Sinking pre-beta
Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are the three major biochemical compounds of human metabolism. What is the element that distinguish proteins from carbohydrate and lipid compounds?
Nitrogen
Negative acute phase reactant
Albumin
Marker for wilson’s disease
Ceruloplasmin
Basis for the kjedahl technique for determination of serum total protein?
Quantification of the nitrogen content of protein
Which of the following protein fraction has the greatest concentration in the serum of healthy individuals
A. Alpha-globulin
B. Beta-Globulin
C. Gamma-Globulin
D. Albumin
D. Albumin
In inflammation there would be a spike on what region?
A. Alpha 1
B. Alpha 2
C. Beta
D. AOTA
D. All of the above
Alpha1- globulin flat curve
Juvenile cirrhosis
Alpha2-globulin band spike
Nephrotic syndrome
Beta-gamma bridging
Hepatic cirrhosis
Monoclonal gammopathy (gamma spike)
Multiple myeloma
Polyclonal gammopathy
RA and malignancy
Small spike in beta-region
IDA
Major end product of protein and amino acid catabolism
A. Uric acid
B. Urea
C. Amino Acid
D. Ammonia
B. Urea
Uric acid - end product of purine
Ammonia - Amino acid
In the ultraviolet procedure for quantifying uric acid, what does the reaction between uric acid and uricase cause
Reduction of phosphotungstic acid
Which total protein method requires copper sulfate, potassium iodide in sodium hydroxide, and potassium sodium tartrate in its reagent system?
Biuret
Inulin clearance can be used for the assessment of glomerular filtration capacity because inulin is
Filtered by the glomerulus but not reabsorbed in the tubules
Total protein determination
I. Biuret
II. Jaffe method
III. Micro-kjedahl nessler
IV. Hexokinase
I and III
Jaffe is for crea
Hexokinase is for glucose
Multiple myeloma
I. Tall and curved gamma globulin
II. Tall and spiked gamma globulin
III. Polyclonal Peak
IV. Monoclonal peak
II and IV
Preferred dye for CSF electrophoresis
Coomasie Brilliant blue
Decreased alpha-fetoprotein
I. Spina bifida
II. Liver carcinoma
III. Neural tube defects
IV. Down syndrome
IV
Almost 90% excreted in the urine
Urea and creatinine
SI unit that is utilized for volume
Liter
Water that has been purified to remove almost all organic materials by being boiled and vaporized and collected after condensation
Distilled water
Acceptable for analysis or reagent preparation
A. Distilled water
B. Autoclave water
A is correct
Autoclave is for washing of glassware
It is the no. of units that can combine with or replace 1 mole of hydrogen ions for acids, hydroxyl ions for bases and the number of electrons exchanged in oxidation reduction reactions.
Valence
In diluting solutions, what happens to the volume and the concentration
Volume increases and concentration decreases
What is the dilution factor of a 6mL serum diluted to 10mL of distilled water
dilution = 3:8
Ratio = 3:5
Ratio = Amt of solute/ amt of solvent
Dilution = amt of solute / total amt of solute/solvent
Glassware used for making optical reflectors and for analytical works that require high precision
High silica glass
Glass with high thermal resistance used for hot plates
Glass ceramics
True about TC pipettes
Hold a particular volume but does not dispense that exact volume
Calibrated using distilled and dispense the indicated volume = To deliver pipette
TD(istilled water)
TC(merCury)
Rate of delivery must never be hastened by blowing - self draining
Etched rings near the mouth of pipette
Blow out pipette
Oswald-folin and serological pipette
Mohr pipette differs from serological pipette because the latter
Has calibration to the tips and is a blowout pipette
_____ chemicals have additional purification purification steps for use in specific procedures such as chromatography immunoassays, molecular diagnostics, standardization
Ultrapure
Derived from human blood and resembles patient sample
Control solution
Utilized for precision
Colorless solution, utilized for accuracy
Standard solution
Reagent blank and water blank
To set the spectrophotometer to zero
Relationship of energy and wavelength
Is described by the Planck’s formula and is inversely propotional
The relationship with frequency and energy
is directly proportional
Type of spectrophotometer that uses two photodetectors
Double-beam in space spectrophotometer
AAS is based on the measurement of?
Light absorbed at wavelength of resonance line by unexcited atom
Light given by excited atoms - FES
Beer’s law
Absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration
Transmittance is inversely proportional to the concentration
Type of monochromator that can be rotate, allowing only the desired wavelength to pass through an exit slit
Prisms - Siya lang ang pwede irotate
Diffraction gratings - may groups para maisolate yung desired wavelength
It is used for compounds that are naturally volatile or can easily converted into a volatile form
Gas chromatography
Like dissolves like
GC/MS - Confirmatory for drugs of abuse
Which of the following statements best describes discrete analysis
Each sample-reagent mixture is handled separately in its own reaction vessel
Carryover is downside for continuous
Discrete - only model with random access
Flow analyzer- batch analysis
Design of an automated analyzer which performs one test for multiple specimens
Batch analyzer
Parallel = multiple test, one patient
Sequential = Multiple process, 1 sample
Purpose of air bubbles in continuous flow analyzers, except?
Induce cross contamination between samples
Measurement of light scattered by a particulate ssolution
Nephelometry
Turbidimetry - Light blocked
Alcohol ingestion
Decrease blood glucose and increase blood uric acid
Plastic tube with red stopper
Inverted 5x and Non-additive
Pag glass no need for invertion
Blood samples should not be obtained from
Over/under fasting patients
Unidentified patients
Sleeping patients
Differences in the value of certain analytes during the day and night is due to
Diurnal variation
The ability of a method to measure only the analyte of interest without the interference of some other substance present in the same sample
Specificity
Tangier’s Disease
Familial hypo-a-lipoproteinemia
