Chemistry week 3 exam Flashcards by Potato Patata

Extracellular fluid is 2/3 of the total body water. Intracellular fluid, on the other hand comprises around 1/3 of the total body water

Both incorrect

Intra is 2/3 extra is 1/3

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Deficiency of ___ can cause 10-20 liters of water to be excreted daily

Vasopressin and ADH

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Compute for osmolality: Na:142 mmol/L, Glucose 98 mg/dL BUN 25mg/dL

297.33

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Convers angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

Renin

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Angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

ACE

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Anion gap: Na- 125 CL - 100 HCO3 - 23

2 mEq/L

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Increase anion gap
Ketoacidosis
Multiple myeloma
Sever dehydration
Hyperlipidemia

Keto acidosis and severe dehydration

Dec anion gap is multiple myeloma and protein and instrument error

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True about sodium except:
I. Major anion in the extracellular fluid
II. Principal osmotic particle outside cell
III. For ever 100mg/dL increase in glucose, Na increase by 1.6mmol/L
IV. Retention is regulated by aldosterone

I and III

Major cation in the extracellular fluid dapat
and for every 100mg/dL increase in glucose, Na is DECREASED by 1.6 mmol/L

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Marked hemolysis may cause

False decreased sodium level

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Reference value for potassium

3.5 - 5.2 mmol/L

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Preferred sample for potassium determination

Plasma collected in a heparin tube

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Most commonly used method for chloride determination

ISE

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Electrolyte which is present almost exclusively in plasma that plays a vital role in blood COAGULATION, EXCITABILITY of skeletal and cardiac muscles

Calcium

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Serum calcium is regulated by

PTH and VIT D

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Electrolyte that requires a fasting sample

iPO4 (Phosphate)

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Magnesium loss leads to decreased intracellular ____ levels

Potassium

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Most of the carbon dioxide combines with water to form

H2CO3

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Proportion of H2CO3 (carbonic acid) and HCO3 (bicarbonate)

1:20

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Rapid or fast elimination of CO2 results to decrease H ion concentration

Respiratory alkalosis

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Blood buffers
HCO3 and H2CO3
PLASMA PROTEINS
Hb
iPO4

All of the choices

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Compute for blood pH Hc03 - 22 pCO2- 47

7.29

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A pO2 of 45 mmHg is an indication of

Moderate hypoxemia

<40 severe hypoxemia
41-60 moderate hypoxemia
61-85 mild hypoxemia

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Correct matches:
pO2- glass electrode
pH - Clark electrode
pCO2 -severinghaus electrode

pCO2 is correct

pH = glass electrode
pO2 - Clarke electrode

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Intoxication of this trace element causes Mee’s lines in the fingernails due to keratin binding

Arsenic

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Used to determine occurrence of lead poisoning

urinary ALA levels

Trace elements that may be present in certain fish species

Mercury

Deficiency of this trace element is characterized by glucose intolerance, glycosuria, hypercholesterolemia, decreased longevity, decreased sperm counts, and impaired fertility

Chromium

Copper toxicity is associated with A. wilson's disease B. Menke's disease C. Parkinson's disease D. Keshan's disease

A. Wilson's disease Menke's disease - Copper deficiency Parkinson's disease - Manganese toxicity Keshan's - Selenium deficiency

Associated with selenium deficiency A. wilson's disease B. Menke's disease C. Parkinson's disease D. Keshan's disease

Keshan's disease Menke's disease - Copper deficiency Parkinson's disease - Manganese toxicity Wilson's disease - copper toxicity

Most abundant trace element in the human body

Copper

Identify which part of the pituitary gland produces and or stored and releases the following hormone a. Growth Hormone – b. Oxytocin – c. ADH – d. Prolactin –

a. Growth Hormone – Anterior PG b. Oxytocin – Posterior PG c. ADH – Posterior PG d. Prolactin – Anterior PG

The posterior pituitary gland is the largest portion of the pituitary gland. It is responsible for the storage and release of ADH

1st incorrect, 2nd correct Ang pinaka malaki is anterior pituitary gland

Prolactin is also known as luteinizing hormone, this hormone controls the initiation and maintenance of lactation

1st incorrect, 2nd correct

All of the ff increases during stress, except: a. ACTH b. Cortisol c. Prolactin d. Pitocin

D. Pitocin

It measures the binding sites of TBG and the quantity of hormones attached to TBG

Thyroid uptake test

In hypothyroidism, what is expected level of t4, fti, and thyroid uptake

decrease,decreased,decreased

The following statements are correct regarding acromegaly except: a. patients with acromegaly have low levels of somatomedin b. oral glucose tolerance test is used to diagnose acromegaly c. most patients with acromegaly have increased fasting growth hormone level d. hyperglycemia is secondary to acromegaly

a. patients with acromegaly have low levels of somatomedin

Which of the following statements is true regarding catecholamines a. they may be excreted in urine as free hormone b. plasma levels do not contribute to the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma c. they are derived from tryptophan d. they are produced by the zone fasciculata of the adrenal gland

a. they may be excreted in urine as free hormone

In primary hypogonadism, the plasma levels of testosterone and FSH are:

Testosterone - decrease, FSH - increase Secondary = testosterone - decrease, FSH - decrease

Which of the following is secreted by the placenta and is used for the early detection of pregnancy

hCG

Elevated prolactin levels is/are seen in i. Galactorrhea ii. Pituitary adenoma iii. Amenorrhea iv. Stress

All of the above

Steroid that is an adrenal cortical hormone i. Angiotensinogen ii. Aldosterone iii. Epinephrine iv. Growth hormones

Aldosterone

The urinary excretion product measured as an indicator of epinephrine production

Vanillylmandelic acid Dopamine - Homovanillic acid

Which of the following test has the greatest sensitivity and specificity for screening adrenal cortical hyperfunction

24 hour urine free cortisol

A female with severe excessive pubic and facial hair growth should be tested for which of the following hormones

Testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

How is primary hypocortisolism differentiated from secondary hypocortisolism

ACTH is elevated in primary and decreased in secondary

Abnormal increase in catecholamines in plasma is seen in

Pheochromocytoma

Correct matches Polyuria -deficient ADH production Addison's disease - Secondary (ACTH) hypersecretion Amenorrhea - hypersecretion of Prolactin Gigantism - hypersecretion of GH during childhood

3 of the choices Addison's = hyposecretion

Selenium (A)

Keshan

Asymptomatic w/ normal t3, t4 level but subnormal tsh lvl

Subclinical hyperthyroidism

Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's) (A)

Hypokalemia (hypocortisolism)

Acts on adrenal gland to stimulate release of aldosterone

Angiotensin II

Organ that releases renin

Kidney

Normal plasma is composed of

93% water while only 7% consists of dissolved substances

Electrolytes that correlates w/ plasma osmolality

Sodium

Def of vasopressin leads to

Diabetes insipidus

All serum sodium abnormalities must be followed up with

analysis of urine

All common cause of hyponatremia except

Nephrotic syndrome (hyper)

Most common cause of pseudohyponatremia

In vitro hemoylsis

Method for sodium determination

ISE AAS FES Colorimetric

Colorimetric

Albanese lein - sodium Lockhead and purcell - potassium Cotlove chloridometer - chloride

Probable cause of hyperkalemia

Prolonged tourniquet Thrombocytosis Sample hemolysis X on ice

All result hypochloremia except Prolonged vomiting Aldosterone Metabolic acidosis Salt losing nephritis

Metabolic acidosis = alkalosis dapat

Ca sensitive and specific marker for calcium disorder

Ionized calcium

Promotes urinary excretion of calcium

Calcitonin

Sample for calcium analysis

Serum

Calcium determination

AAS

Vit deficiency

Serum calcium decrease phosphate value decrease

Fiske subbarow method

iPO4

True about inorganic phosphate

Fasting is required

Mg determination

Calmagnite

Arterial puncture

45-60 degree

iPO4

Increase renal excretion Aldosterone Thyroxine

Blood gases parameters measured

pH, pO2, pCO2, HCO3

All buffer system are regulated by

Lungs and kidney

Normal pH level

7.35-7.45

Bicarbonate: carbonic acid ratio

20:1

Conjugate base

Bicarbonate

23 mmHG

Severe hypoxemia

Px w/ primary hypothyroidism

Dec t3 and t4, dec tbg, inc tsh

Hyperthyroidism

Inc metabolic rate Tachycardia weight loss Heart intolerance

Secondary hypothyroidism

Low t3 t4 and TSH

Phosphorus is expressed in

mg/dL

Electrolyte with negligible value in anion gap

Potassium

Sweat chloride test is done to diagnose

Mucoviscidosis / cystic fibrosis

Increased anion gap

Uremia

Diarrhea leading to bicarbonate loss will cause

Metabolic acidosis

Measures the TBG sites of binding

Thyroid uptake test

Conjugate base - h2co3 weak acid - hco3

Both incorrect