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WJEC GCSE flashcards > Chemistry unit 1 > Flashcards

Chemistry unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an example of a non metal

A

carbon, bromine, neon

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2
Q

where are nonmetals found in the periodic table

A

the right side of the stair case

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3
Q

what is an example of a semi metal

A

boron, silicon, arsenic

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4
Q

what are semi metals

A

substances that display both non-metallic and metallic properties

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5
Q

what is an example of a metal

A

silver, nickel, lead

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6
Q

where are metals found in the periodic table

A

the left side of the stair case

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7
Q

name 4 reasons most water not drinkable

A

because it contains
- dissolved salts
- microorganisms
- pollutants e.g sewage
- dissolved gases e.g co2

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8
Q

what are the 3 main stages to purifying water

A

-sedimentation
-filtration
-chlorination

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9
Q

what is sedimentation

A

allowing solids to sink to the bottom of the water in order to filter them out

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10
Q

what is filtration

A

when water is passed through a filter bed

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11
Q

what is a filter bed

A

a mixture of stones, gravel, coarse and fine sand that remove solids in water to allow only bacteria and viruses to remain

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12
Q

what is chlorination

A

chlorine is added to water to kill bacteria

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13
Q

why is sulfur dioxide bubbled through water

A

to remove excess chlorine

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14
Q

how is drinking water transported

A

by underground sealed pipes

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15
Q

name 3 advantages of fluoridation

A

-decreases enamel decay
-makes teeth stronger
-prevents cavities

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16
Q

what is fluoridation

A

Fluoridation is the addition of fluoride to a water supply

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17
Q

name 3 disadvantages of fluoridation

A

-more effective in toothpaste than in water
-too much fluoride can cause fluorosis
-can cause bone cancer in males

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18
Q

name 2 people that may support the addition of fluoride to water

A

-dentists
-health workers

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19
Q

what is desalination

A

obtaining pure drinking water from dirty or salty water

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20
Q

how is desalination done

A

using reverse osmosis filters to filter the dirty water under pressure

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21
Q

give 3 reasons why desalination is bad

A

-expensive
-uses lots of energy
-the by-product is very salty water and so must be disposed of carefully

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22
Q

what is distillation

A

the process of separating liquids or dissolved solids from a liquid mixture by using boiling and condensation

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23
Q

what is hard water

A

hard water is water that has a lot of calcium compounds dissolved in it

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24
Q

why can water be hard

A

because sometimes water passes through calcium containing (gypsum) rocks that dissolve into the water making it hard

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25
Q

how do you remove the hardness from temporary hard water

A

by boiling it

26
Q

name 3 advantages of hard water

A

-some people prefer the taste
-calcium is good for bones
-good for brewing beer

27
Q

name 3 disadvantages of hard water

A

-limescale build up can damage metal appliances
-pipes can become blocked from limescale
-scum forms in reaction with soap

28
Q

how is limescale formed

A

calcium ions + hydrogen carbonate ions –> calcium carbonate (limescale) + carbon dioxide + water

29
Q

how to make hard water not hard

A

using an ion exchange column

30
Q

how does an ion exchange column remove water hardness

A

the column is filled with a resin that holds sodium ions. as hard water passes through the calcium ions and sodium ions swap. the water that comes out contain no calcium ions so is no longer hard.

31
Q

what is solubility

A

a soluble particle is one that can dissolve into a substance

32
Q

draw a flow chart outlining the main steps of the purification of water

A

reservoir -> sedimentation tank -> filtration -> addition of chlorine ->clear water tank -> storage reservoir -> mains supply

33
Q

what is the inner core of the earth made of

A

solid iron and nickel due to the high pressure

34
Q

what is the outer core of the earth made of

A

liquid iron and nickel

35
Q

what is the mantle of the earth made of

A

semi-molten rock that can behave like a liquid

36
Q

what is the crust of the earth made of

A

solid outer layer floating on the mantel

37
Q

how thick is the crust of the earth

A

between 5 and 70 km thick

38
Q

where in the earth is the magnetic field produced

A

in the outer core

39
Q

who in 1915 first suggested the idea of continental drift

A

Alfred Wegener

40
Q

what is continental drift

A

the gradual movement of the continents across the earth’s surface through time.

41
Q

why did Alfred Wegener think that all the continents were once all one piece?

A
  • the jigsaw fit of the coastlines of africa and south america
  • similar rocks were found at both sites
  • fossil animals found only South America and Africa, could be found on many continents.
42
Q

give an example of a strong alkali

A

bleach pH 13

43
Q

give an example of a weak alkali

A

baking soda pH 9

44
Q

give an example of a weak acid

A

tomato juice pH 4

45
Q

give an example of a strong acid

A

gastric acid pH 1

46
Q

finish the equation
acid + metal –> _________ + _______

A

salt and hydrogen

47
Q

finish the equation
acid + metal hydroxide/ oxide –> _________ + _______

A

salt and water

48
Q

finish the equation
acid + metal carbonate –> _________ + _______ + _________

A

salt and water and carbon dioxide

49
Q

what is the name of a salt created from hydrochloric acid

A

chloride

50
Q

what is the name of a salt created from sulfuric acid

A

sulfate

51
Q

what is the name of a salt created from nitric acid

A

nitrate

52
Q

what are titrations

A

controlled reactions between acids and alkalis

53
Q

what can titrations be used to calculate

A

unknown concentrations

54
Q

what is the gas test for hydrogen

A

burns with a squeaky pop

55
Q

what is the gas test for carbon dioxide

A

turns limewater cloudy

56
Q

what is the gas test for oxygen

A

re-lights a glowing splint

57
Q

what 4 factors can affect the rate of chemical reactions

A
  • temperature (kinetic energy)
  • concentration
  • surface area
  • adding a catayst
58
Q

how does raising the temperature impact the rate of reaction

A
  • makes particles collide more frequently as they have more kinetic energy
  • makes it more likely that collisions result in reactions as the particles collide with more energy
59
Q

how does increasing the concentration impact the rate of reaction

A
  • a higher concentration means there are more particles in a given volume
  • this means more successful collisions so a faster rate
60
Q

how does adding a catalyst impact the rate of reaction

A
  • speeds up reaction with being chemically changed
  • allow particles to collide in different ways
  • increases the rate of reaction
61
Q

why is there a gradual loss of mass in some chemical reactions

A

because gas is emitted over time

WJEC GCSE flashcards (11 decks)

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